Admas University

Welcome to the Course of

Entrepreneurship and Small
Business Management
Presented by:
Mohamed Abdi
July, 2017
Hargeisa, Somaliland
 Course delivery
Lectures shall be the principle
delivery method.
 Course evaluation methods
Attendance & participation 10%
Mid-exam 20%
Assignment 20%
Final exam 50%
 CHAPTER ONE
AN OVERVIEW OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
 Entrepreneurship and Small
Business Management

Evolution of entrepreneurship
Before having the present definition the term of
entrepreneur was related to a lot of assertions.

The word entrepreneur first appeared in the French

language as Enreprendre. Which means, To
undertake
 Definition of entrepreneur
Entrepreneur, just like management, has no single
definition. It can be defined from different
perspectives.

The most important perspectives from which

entrepreneur can be defined include the following:
 CONTINUE
For a Manager: Entrepreneur is someone who performs
the activities of planning; organizing, staffing, leading, and
controlling to run his/her own organization to make a
profit.

For an Economist: Entrepreneur is one who is

principally motivated by profit or making money and
someone who brings resources and assets into combination
that makes their value greater than before and is also one
who introduces change and new order while contributing
to economic development of a nation.
 CONTINUE
For a Psychologist: Entrepreneur is a person that is
typically driven by certain internal forces- need to
obtain something, experiment and escape authority of
others.
For a Businessman: Entrepreneur is either a threat
(aggressive competitor) or an ally (source of supply,
customer, etc).
 CONTINUE
For a Sociologist : Entrepreneur is someone who
wants to be a role model for other by meeting the
expectations of others through the production of
products that are socially accepted.

For a Capitalist Philosopher: Entrepreneur is one

who creates wealth for others, who produces jobs
others are glad to get and hence contribute an addition
to the stock of wealth.
Definition of Entrepreneurship
The main difference between entrepreneur and
entrepreneurship is their attachment. Entrepreneur
is a person while entrepreneurship is a process.

Entrepreneurship is a dynamic process undertaken

by an entrepreneur to create incremental value and
wealth by discovering investment opportunities,
organizing an enterprise, undertaking risk and
economic uncertainty and there by contributing to
economic growth
 has traditionally been defined as the process of
designing, launching and running a new business,
which typically begins as a small business, such as a
startup company, offering a product, process or service
for sale or hire.
Continue
Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something
different with value by devoting the necessary time
and effort, assuming the accompanying financial,
psychic and social risks, and receiving the resulting
rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and
independence.
 CONTINUE
In general the four key elements in entrepreneurship
are
Vision (identifying emerging opportunities)
Innovation (doing something new)
Risk taking (assuming different types of risks;
financial, psychological, social)
Organizing (coordinating resources and creating
entreprise)
 Why do People Want to Become
Entrepreneurs?

Opportunity: chance to be part of new environment

or to be exposed to a new environment. And chance to
share the dream of many people.
Profit: fast road to richness or the way of gaining
standardized payment.
Independence: not working for others. Some people
have a phobia of being a servant of others and want to
be the boss of others.
Challenge: to take risk people like to take risks to test
themselves and to get the happiness after surpassing
those risks.
 Who are Entrepreneurs?

Approach One: Entrepreneurs are:

Self-directed (self-disciplined): Entrepreneurs have
independent mind, i.e. mind that is not derived and
manipulated by others.
Self-Nurturing: Entrepreneurs believe in their ideas
even if no one else does.
Action-Oriented: Entrepreneurs have a burning desire
of building their dreams in to reality.
CONTINUE
Approach Two: Entrepreneurs have the following
Qualities
Strong mental ability:, intelligent, creative and
analytical.
Clear Objectives: (entrepreneurs chase clear purposes
that are realistic).
Business Secrecy :(ability to guard trade secrets).
Human relation: ability while dealing which
customers, employees, suppliers, government, etc.)
CONTINUE
Approach Three:
High need for achievement: Every human being
possesses three basic needs. These are need for power,
need for affiliation and need for achievement and only
one is dominant.
High self determination (internal locus of control):
Desire for self independence:
Moderate risk takers: Entrepreneurs are not gamblers
(not high risk takers)
Trait of a True Entrepreneur

Capacity to take risk

Capacity to work hard
Above average intelligence and wide knowledge
Self (inner) motivation
Vision and foresight
Willingness to defer consumption
Imagination, initiative and emulation
Inventive ability and sound judgment
Flexibility and sociability
Desire to take personal responsibility
Types of Risks assumed by Entrepreneur

Financial Risk: Refers to the risk of losing ones own

saving and entire
Career Risk: If entrepreneurs fail to be successful, it
would be difficult for them to easily acquire another
employment opportunity.

Psychic Risk: The mind of entrepreneurs is subject to

constant frustration and psychological tensions as to
the fate of their business.
Family Risk:
 Background of Entrepreneurs

Childhood background Most entrepreneurs are the

either the first child or the only child for their family.
Parental background The parents of most entrepreneurs
are self-employed running their own business

Age background Most male entrepreneurs became

entrepreneurs in their early 30s
Most female entrepreneurs become entrepreneurs in their
late 30s.
Educational background Most entrepreneurs at least
hold 1st degree (more usually BA degree).
 Types of Entrepreneurs

There are so many ways of classifying entrepreneurs.

Classification According to Type of Business
Business entrepreneur These entrepreneurs are
individuals who conceive an idea for a new product or
service and then create a business to materialize their ideas
in to reality.
Trading entrepreneur is the one who under take
trading activities and is not concerned with the
manufacturing work he or she identifies.

Agricultural entrepreneur
 Industrial entrepreneur
essentially a manufacturer who identifies the potential
needs of customer and sales a product or service to meet
the market need.
 CONTINUE
Classification According to Motivation:
Pure entrepreneur: is an individual who is
motivated psychological and economic reward.
Induced entrepreneur: is the one who is induced to
take up entrepreneurial task due to the policy
measures of the government that provides assistance,
incentive and necessary overhead facilities to start a
venture.

Motivated entrepreneur motivation is the desire for self-

fulfilment.
 Classification According to Use of Technology
Technical entrepreneurs:
Non technical entrepreneurs:
Responsibilities of Entrepreneurs
To the nation
Tax timely
Follow rules and regulation
Adding to the nation wealth

To the society
Using resources properly
Employment
Minimizing toxic level
 CONTINUE
To the Enterprise
Survival and growth
Profit
Company image
Fair compensation
 The Process of Entrepreneur

The entrepreneurial process has four steps:

Identifying and Evaluating Business Opportunity
Develop a business Plan
Determining the Resources required.
Managing the enterprise
 Chapter Two

Small Businesses
Meaning of Small Businesses
The definition of small business differs from country to
country. There may even be different definitions used
by different agencies in one country.

There are two ways (approaches) to define small

businesses:
The Quantitative Approach (size
criteria)

Size refers of the scale of operation. It is used to

measures the size of the business.
Number of employees
Sales volume (total revenue)
Asset size
Insurance in force
Volume of deposits
The Qualitative Approach
(Economic/Control Criteria)

Market share
Independence the owner has control of the business
himself

Technology whether the business is labour intensive

or capital intensive.
Geographical area of operation is it the operation of
the business local or international.
 CONTINUE
So taking into consideration of the different
approaches of defining small businesses,

small businesses administration of America defines

small business as one that is independently owned
and operate, not dominant in its field of operation
and meets certain standards of size in terms of
employees or annual receipts (sales volume).

For instance Ethiopia uses sales volume and paid up

capital at the start of the business.
 Discussion
What approaches/measurement we can
define small businesses in our home land?
Somaliland
Nature and Characteristics of
Small Businesses

Some of the characteristics of small-scale businesses are:

Financing of the business is supplied by one individual or
small group.
Personal character: in most small business the owners
themselves are managers.
Local area of operation Typically its operation is limited
to one city or community.
Compared to the biggest firms in the industry, the
business is small.
The number of employees in the business is usually fewer
than 100.
Importance of small businesses to
National Economy

The significance and importance of small businesses

can be indicated in their contribution to the social,
economic, political, and technological conditions of
the country and the society in general. These are:
Economic Contribution
Generation and saving of Foreign exchange (import-
export)
Enhancement of competition and gradually abolishing
monopoly.
Balanced Regional Development
Social Contribution

Creation of job opportunity (labour intensity)

Agent of socio-cultural interaction
Increase in per capita income
Positive externalities
Technological and political Contribution
Introduction of innovation and invention
Better production methods in terms of processing
speed, quality of output, energy consumption.
Improvement of business policies and procedures
Establishing Small Businesses

Factors considered before starting a business are the

following
1.Selection of business
Selection of business depends on the following
factors such as:
Personal aptitude
Personal ability (having the required knowledge)
Amount of capital and profit (expected achievement)
Prevailing level of completion
 CONTINUE
2. Detailed Investigation: the difficulties may come
in the way of establishing business in real from so it
needs to answer the when, what, and how questions
regarding the business.
3. Selection of form of business organization as
sole-proprietorship, partnership, corporation, etc.
4. Study of legal requirements
5. Selection of place and staff
6. Management structure
Factors Contributing for the
Success of Small Business

Determination of objectives
Planning
Sound organization must be staffed with sufficient
number of employees having different talents and skills
relevant to the business
Adequate capital
Efficient management
Research
Business good will
Satisfied customer success of a business depends to a
large extent on the function of affording the customers
with their varying needs and requirements.
Reasons for Failure of Small
Business
Many small businesses fail due to various reasons.
Lack of finance: the small entrepreneurs posses a weak
financial structure and find it extremely difficult to obtain
credit because of lack of collateral security.
Poor availability of infrastructure:
Obsolete technology most small business use old
technologies because they cannot afford better. As a result
the quality of their goods is inferior and the cost of
production is higher than
Marketing problems
Poor managerial and organisational skills
 Brain Storming Exercise
Write two paragraphs about Entrepreneurship and
Small Business Management?
 GROUP DISCUSSION
CRITICALLY EVALUATE SOMALILAND SMALL
BUSINESSES POBLEMS AND SUGGEST THE WAY
FORWARD or SOLUTIONS?
Avoiding pitfalls of small
businesses
Know your business in depth:
Have a good relation with stake holders
Prepare business plan
Managing financial resources
Understanding financial statement
Learn to manage people effectively (HRM)
Take up short professional courses in management
(entrepreneurship)
Be sensitive to your customers
 Success requires
time and energy
from the entire
region
Recruit from outside
or grow locally?
 Chapter Three

Creating and Developing Business

Deciding on Development Approach
In general, there are three approaches for the
expansion of business activity.
Start up venture (New Venture)
It is a new venture established from the scratch as per
the dreams and plan of entrepreneur.
 CONTINUE
Pros:
The business is created as per entrepreneurs planning
and being a new venture; there is no compromise on
entrepreneurial dreams or plans.
Owner (entrepreneur) doesnt inherit the ill will of
previous organization
If a business idea is unique, this is the only viable
option.
 CONTINUE
Cons:
High cost of equipment and organization
Back of source of genuine advice since there is no past
record.
It may saturate the existing market.
Lack of recognition.
Buying an existing business (Buy
out firms)

It is the second approach of launching a new venture

when the entrepreneurs feel that they can quickly
change direction of existing firm as per his own plans
and dreams in a fairly substantial way.
The following steps/procedures are recommended as a
check list before buying an existing firm.
Does the product/service fit to the entrepreneurs
interest/need?
Yes
 CONTINUE
Is an appropriate business for (profitability/legality)?
Accountant may be consulted to prove profitability,
while lawyers may be consulted in terms of legality.
Yes
Is business condition good? (financial health)
Yes
Purchase price reasonable
Yes
Buy the firm
 CONTINUE
Merit
A successful firm can provide immediate returns
Existing firm comes with an advantage of good
location, working staff, established supplied of raw
materials, distribution network installed machineries
and inventories etc.
Advice can be sought from previous owners on the
strength and weaknesses of the firm
Low cost of organisation when it is specially compared
to starting a new ventures
 CONTINUE
De merit
Ill reputation of previous owner may be faced if the
previous entrepreneur is not well established or dont
posses a good will.
Poor staff, obsolete machineries and layout can trouble
entrepreneur.
Buyout costs are usually high.
 GROUP ASSIGNMENT
1. ASSUME YOU ARE A MANAGER OF ABUSINESS
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT RISKS YOU MAY
FACE AND HOW WOULD YOU SOLVE IT?

2. DISCUSS AND EXPLAIN WHY DO PEOPLE

WANT TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS?
3. Start your own business by showing all
the necessary steps?
Contin
4. CRITICALLY EVALUATE SOMALILAND SMALL
BUSINESSES AND SUGGEST THE WAY FORWARD or
SOLUTIONS?
5. DISCUSS and EXPLAIN WHY PEOPLE BECOME
ENTREPRENEURS WITH PRACTICAL EXAMPLES?
6.
 INSTRUCTION
The nature of the assignments varies, but they
normally consist of either case studies or
questions relating to the cases, It is useful
to illustrate any theoretical points with examples
from your own experience 20%.
Instruction
1) Introduction
2) Define the key words of Question
3) Body( analysis)
4) Referencing in your text
Recommendation
7) References
8) 15 Pages
9) Submission date( a week from now on) Delays
are not excepted with no excuse PLZ
9)Presentation will be there after submission by
each member of the group
 CONTINUE
Purchasing a license (Franchising/licensing)
It is the third major approach to develop a business. a
new venture is not something obtained in this
approach. The key terms of this development
approach include:
Franchise: it is the right and license to sell a product
or service and possibly the entire business system
developed by another company in return of a royalty
and conformity to a standard operating procedure. It is
an intellectual property which is sold in return of
royalty.
 CONTINUE
Franchisor: is usually the manufacturer or sole
distributor of a trade marked product or service who
has a considerable experience in that business. E.g.
owners of Admas University, Pepsi, etc.

Franchisee: is an individual entrepreneur who

purchases the franchise in return for royalty and
conformance to standard operation and who in the
process gets the opportunity to enter an established
entrepreneur.
 Types of Franchising

1) Trade name franchising: franchisee gets only the

right to use trade name of franchiser.
2) Product distribution franchising: right to use name
as well as selected products of franchiser.
3) Pure/comprehending franchising: right to use entire
business of the franchiser.
Strong Side for franchisor

i. Expanding the existing business network at low

investment or limited capital
ii. Company growth with minimum risk without
expanding the HR and other facilities.
iii. Regular income from royalty(minimum 5%)

Weakness of franchisor
Absolute control cannot be exercised
Physical separation
 CONTINUE
Merit of franchisee
Gets advantage of already established brand name
Easy to establish business using well developed system
Initial financial assistance
Opportunity to marketing training and counseling
Greater chance of success.
 CONTINUE
De-merit of franchisee
Sharing profit in terms of royalty is mandatory
Strick adherence to standard operating procedures or
limited freedom
Restriction on buying others product.
 DISCUSSION
WHICH BUSINESS YOU LIKED TO DEVELOP OR
INVEST?
CONSIDERING THE ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE OF EACH ONE?
 Chapter Four

Legal Forms of Business Organisation

 Introduction
Business undertakings can be organised as public or
private form of ownership. Form the point of view of
private organisation or ownership, there are four
forms of organsiations for a business unit.
 CONTINUE
It may be organised by an individual as sole
probreitorship, by mutual agreement of two or more
persons as partnership or by an association of persons
who form a cooperative society of specific purpose, or
else it may be organised by anumber of persons as
joint stock company or corporation.
 CONTINUE
The law prescribes a variety of forms of business
ownerships the choice of which depends up on size,
type and objectives of individual functions and goals
critical to the success of the organisation formed.
 CONTINUE
For business purpose, the chief forms of private
ownership or organisations are:
Sole proprietorship (ownership by one individual)
Partnership (ownership by two or more people)
Corporation (ownership by the shareholders)
Cooperative
Public enterprise
 CONTINUE
For the purpose of convenience, we will go through
types of ownership as follows:
Sole Proprietorship
It is a form of business ownership in which a single
individual assumes all the risk of operating the
business, owns its assets, controls and uses any
profit that is made. This form is known also as
individual of single proprietorship, sole ownership or
individual enterprise.
 CONTINUE
The individual may run the business alone or take the
help of the member of the family or may obtain the
assistance of employees. The owner drives the total
benefit and assumes the risk to which the business is
exposed. In the eyes of the law there is no distinction
between the business and individual private affair,
meaning that the law recognizes the individual
and the business as being one and the same.
 CONTINUE
This business is very common form of ownership
carried out in different areas where the capital
required is small and the risk is not quite heavy. The
salient features of this form of business organisation
are as follows:
 CONTINUE
Single ownership: the business is owned by a single
individual who finances, controls and manages the
business and consequently enjoys the profits or suffers
losses solely and exclusively.
Owner-manager: ownership and management of the
business concern rests in the hands of the sole
proprietorship who enjoys full control over the
business.
 CONTINUE
No separate legal entity: the sole proprietorship firm
has any separate legal identity of its own as distinct
from its owner. Both are treated as one and the same in
the eyes of the law.
Undivided risk: the question of sharing the profits or
losses of the business by another person other than the
sole owner does not arise and the proprietor bears the
risk all by himself/herself.
 CONTINUE
Unlimited liability: in case of losses the liability of
the sole owner is unlimited and his personal property
may also be attached, if needed, to discharge the debts
incurred in running the business.
 CONTINUE
Freedom from government control: except for the
permission required to be obtained form he legal
authorities, this form of organisation has virtually no
government control and is free from government
regulation
 Pros of sole proprietorship

Ease and low cost of formation and dissolution: it

is easy a sole proprietorship because the legal
formalities or other complicated procedures required
are less and if all depts of the business are paid and the
business man is not willing to carry on or wants to
change it to other form, it is easy to dissolve as was to
form it.
 CONTINUE
Direct motivation and personal care: in this form
of organisation, all the profits of the business belong
to one person and he faces every loss. This gives
greater incentive to the owner to take personal interest
in his business and manage it most efficiently.

Freedom and promptness in action: in matters of

business dealing, the sole proprietor can take his own
decisions and there is no question to his authority.
 CONTINUE
Business secrecy: in this type of business
organisation, it is easy to maintain the secrecy of
business.

Social desirability: form the social point of view, the

sole proprietorship is desirable as it ensures that too
much wealth does not concentrate in hands of few.
Absolute control: the sole proprietor has direct and
absolute control over his business affairs and he is free
to act or manage the business in his own chosen way.
 CONTINUE
Flexibility in operations:
Minimum government control: any central or state
law, except the general laws of contract and sale of
goods, does not regulate this form of business
ownership.
Personal touch: customer satisfaction and workers
motivation are two most important factors that
contribute to the success of business.
Cons of sole proprietorship

Limited resources and size: in this type of concerns,

the resources (capital, human, material,
informational) are limited.
Limited managerial skills:
Uncertain future: this kind of business suffers from
uncertain future that means there is no stability or
lack of continuity. This business may come to an end if
the owner cannot continue the business due to death,
insanity, imprisonment or bankruptcy.
Undemocratic functioning:
 Partnership

In Somaliland as per the commercial code of 1998,

Article 212, read as, A partnership agreement is
defined as a contract whereby two or more persons
who intend to join together, make contribution for the
purpose of carrying out activities of an economic
nature and of participating in the profit and loses
arising out there of if any.
 Types of Partnership
There are two types of partnership, namely.
General partnership, and
Special partnership
The basic difference between the two is that while the
former has unlimited liability and the latter type allow
for a limited liability to its partners. Under each
category there are other types of partnership as well,
which are as under:
 General Partnership

General partnership can be in the following forms:

Partnership-at-will: in this form, no stipulation is
made as to when and how the partnership will come to
an end. In the absence of any specific provision in
partnership deed about the duration of the
partnership
a partner can pull out of the firm after giving certain
number of days notice to the firm withdrawing from
the partnership or terminating the Deed of
Agreement.
 CONTINUE
Particular Partnership: this type specific a fixed
period of time for completion of a particular business
ventures and after achieving the objective or after
expiry of stipulated period, it automatically becomes
dissolved.
 Limited Partnership

Limited Partnership: In this form there is at least one

partner whose liability is unlimited and one or more
partners whose liability to the extent of capital
contributed.
The duties and obligations of the limited partner are:
The limited partner is not entitled to take an active
part in the management of the business and as such
cannot bind by his acts.
 CONTINUE
He cannot withdraw any part of his capital nor can be
transfer his interest to other without the consent of
the general partner.
The death or insolvency of the limited partner does
not affect the business or the limited partnership.
Special joint venture: in this form, the partners have
limited liability and they will terminate after
accomplishing the task for which they are created.
 Kinds of Partners

Active Partner: a person who takes an active part in

the conduct of business and manages its affairs is
called an active partner or working partner.
Sleeping partner or dormant partner: he who does
not take any part or active interest in the conduct of
business is called sleeping or dormant partner. He only
contributes a limited capital and his liability is also
limited to that extent.
 CONTINUE
Nominal or Ostensible partner: a nominal partner is
one who does not invest any money nor takes any
share in the profits but he only lends his name to the
firm. He does not take any active part in the business.
 Characteristics of Partnership

Plurality of persons: this form of business requires the

existence of two or more persons entering into
contract which is an agreement between parties
known as Memorandum of Association or Article of
Partnership deed.
Contractual relationship: partnership comes into
existence by mutual agreement which stipulates the
contractual relationship between the partners. The
momerandum lays down the terms and conditions of
partnership and the rights, duties, and obligations
of partners.
 CONTINUE
Capital contribution: in this form of business, every
partner shall make a contribution which may be in
money, debts, other property or skills.
Management: every partner has the right to take an
active part in the management of the firms affairs. But
the partnership agreement may provide the pattern of
managing indicating how the management activity is
shared among the different partners according to
capital contributed, experience, and knowledge.
 CONTINUE
Duration: the partnership firm legally comes to an end
if any of the partners withdraws or dies or is no longer
able under the law to be partner or declared bankrupt.
Unlimited liability
Agency relationship: the partner will be liable for the
faults and wrongful acts of a co-partner in the course
of the firms business while acting for the business.
No separate legal entity:
 CONTINUE
Restriction on transfer of interest: a partner cannot
transfer his share or give his ownership to outsiders
without the consent of other partners
Unanimity of consent: no changes may be made in the
nature of business and no partner can act out of the
specified way or any partner cannot make any
decisions without the consent or agreement of all the
partners.
 Advantages of Partnership

Ease of organisation: except some formalities like that

of proprietorship, the partnership is quite easily
formed. All that is required is an agreement among
partners.
Large financial and managerial resources:
Personal supervision:
Reduced risk:
Flexibility:
Democratic functioning:
Better public relations
Disadvantage of Partnership

Unlimited liability
Risk of implied agency: a dishonest or incompetent
partner may make, by his acts, misjudgments or faults,
the firm in difficulties because his acts would bind the
firm and the remaining partners.
Lack of harmony: as every partner has equal voice in
the management, every one would try to assert his
position and try to promote his personal interest
 CONTINUE
Lack of continuity: the business can come to an end
due to death, retirement, or withdrawal of a partner for
any reasons like dissatisfaction, bankruptcy or any
serious disagreements
Non transferability of interest:
Lack of public confidence:
 Joint Stock Company
(Corporation)
A joint stock company is essentially a group of persons
coming together voluntarily to carry on certain
business by organising themselves into a single entity
with a view to function as an artificial person to the
eyes of the law.
 Features of Corporation

Separate legal entity:

Limited liability: since the company has a separate
legal entity, its debts are its own.
Transferability of share:
Perpetual existence: the corporation can only be
dissolved in only three ways:
a. By court order.
b. By the approval of majority of the share holders or;
c. By expiration of the corporate charter.
Corporation Structure
There are three groups that comprise the corporate
structure:
The stockholders.
The board of Directors, and
The officers of the corporation
 CONTINUE
The stock holders are known as the owners of the
corporation.

The boards of directors are the official representatives

of the share holders enforcing the owners interest.

the officers of corporation are official representatives of

the corporation protecting, the interest of the company
is being admitted by the state.
Group Rights of Shareholders

The right to elect directors;

The right to vote and amend the by-laws;
The right to change the charter;
The right to vote on the disposal of corporate assets;
The right to dissolve the corporation
Individual Rights of share holders:

The right to buy, sell and transfer his/her stock

The right to receive dividends in proportion to the
number of shares owned
The right to inspect and review the companys records;
The right to vote at stockholders meeting;
The right to receive evidence of ownership(stock
certificates)
The right to sue officers and director for fraud
The right to share in distribution of assets in event of
dissolution
 Pros of Corporation

Financial strength: the company can raise a large

amount of capital by issuing shares.
Limited liability: the share holders liability is limited
to the extent of the face value of the share held by him
and his personal properties are not affected.
Scope of expansion: as large capital is invested, it
would be possible to use up-to-date equipments and
expensive machinery and carryout operations at large
scale which lead to economics of scales, leading to
higher profits.
 CONTINUE
Stability: the company enjoys perpetual succession,
which means that bankruptcy, insanity or death of a
shareholder, change in management or owners; etc
cannot affect the continuity of the company.
Efficient and bolder management
Diffused risk:
Public confidence
 Cons

Difficulty of formation:
Lack of owners personal interest:
Delay in decision making
Fraudulent management
Taxation:
Expensive management:
 Co-operatives
Co-operatives society is a voluntary association of
independent, economic units, has farms, business and
households to form a business organised, capitalized
and managed by, of and for its member patrons so as
to improve the members economic positions within
the existing system.
 Features of Cooperative
Voluntary/open membership:
Equality of voting rights
Democratise control
Disposal of profit or surplus:
Service motto: a cooperative society is organised
primarily with the objective of rendering maximum
service to its members in a certain field. It does not
aim at profit at the cost of its members, for it is formed
basically for providing certain essential facilities to
members.
 Principle of cooperative

Each cooperative unit is owned by the use member of

the group
Each member has only one vote regardless of the
number of shares of stock that he owns.
There is a limitation on the amount of stock that each
member may own
Only the members subscribe the capital for the
enterprise
Interest is paid on the investment of each of member
shareholders.
Formation of cooperative society

The common items in Articles of Assocation are:

The name of the cooperative
The address of the cooperative and the area of its
operations;
The objectives and activities of the cooperatives
The rights and duties of members
The terms and requirements for admission of
members and the conditions for the termination of
membership;
Membership fee and other contribution;
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The procedures for amending the articles of
association of the cooperative
The manner for appropriating surplus for reserve and
other funds;
Management of A Cooperative
Society

President or Chairman;
Vice-president or vice chairman
Secretary; and
Treasurer.
Types of Cooperatives
The principal types of cooperatives are the following:
Consumers Cooperatives
Producers cooperatives (industrial cooperatives)
Marketing cooperatives
Housing cooperatives
Credit Cooperatives
Advantage of Cooperatives

Democratic management:
Limited liability
Stability and Continuity
General reserves
Exemptions and privileges
Disadvantage of Cooperatives

Limited capital
Lack of managerial talent
Lack of motivation:
Delay in decision-taking and Implementation
Lack of secrecy and Government regulations
Public Enterprises
Meaning of public enterprises
A public enterprise is one that is organised by a
federal, state or city government for the purpose of
conducting public business.
Characteristics of Public
Corporation
Primarily service motto
Government financed
Collective ownership
State management
Public accountability
 Chapter Five

Strategic Decision Making Process

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The strategic decision making process for undertaking
entrepreneurial venture is comprised of the following
fundamental steps:
Step One: Develop a Basic Business Idea
The basics of this step is that it is based on the
prevailing needs and wants of customers and it consists
of the following three sub steps.
Creating business ideas
Study and process the ideas
Select the best idea
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It is mainly concerned with generating product ideas
that would be profitable if capitalized. It is like
identifying opportunities based on the wants and
needs of consumers or else it is searching for markets
that arise for new products and services.
Idea Generation Methods

Focus groups:
Brainstorming:
Checklist:
Problem inventory analysis
Study and process Idea
While evaluating the major points to be considered
are:
Technical feasibility that is the possibility of
production with the available skill and technology.
Commercial viability of the idea based on cost and
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profitability. It evaluated the tradeoff between cost and
income to judge the attractiveness of a business idea.
Selecting the best Idea
Product where the entrepreneur has firsthand
manufacturing experience.
Product where the entrepreneur has the marketing
work experience with the particular product.
Product which is perceived as highly profitable.
Product where government has banned imports.
Product where the export demand is high and with
good margins
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The raw material requirement of an existing nearby
big unit.
Products on which government declares sub sides
incentives, other industrial/financial benefits.
Products where there is demand growth.
Products that are easy to distribute.
Step two: Analysis of Internal and External
environment(SWOT Analysis)

The two major parts of this step are:

Scanning the External Environment
Assessing the Internal Environment
Scanning the External Environment
These external forces are demarcated as macro and
micro environmental forces.
Macro-Environment
Macro environment is the type of environment that is
not specific to a given entrepreneur or company.
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Macro environmental forces more or less include the
following environments.
1)Economic environment: related to factors of
production and distribution like economic stages,
economic system, economic policies, economic indices
(per capital income), infrastructural factors, living
standards, etc.
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2)Socio-cultural environment: related to social attitude
and cultural factors. Demographic factors, social
concern and attitude, education level, aspirations and
values, consumer motives etc.
3)Political-legal environment: related to government
regulation and consumer protection-like political
system, consumer protection, taxation laws, quality
leadership,
4)Technological environment:
 Micro-Environment

Micro environmental forces on the otherside are

forces that are specific to companies or entrepreneurs.
It includes forces like customers, suppliers,
competitors, intermediaries,
Source of Environmental Scannning

Formal sources: research studies, consultants,etc.

Secondary sources: publications, magazines, books.
Internal sources: MIS records, co-employees
External sources: marketing intermediaries,
customers, suppliers, etc.
Assessing the Internal
Environment

This is the second part of SWOT analysis. It identifies

the weaknesses and strengths that are internal in
nature. In sensible terms it is assessing the expertise,
resources, abilities, skills, costs, organisational
structure and culture, manufacturing techniques, etc.
Step Three: Developing Feasibility
Study(Decide Go/No Go)

After weaknesses and strengths have been identified in

terms of the prevailing opportunities and threats,
feasibility study can be undertaken.
It the basic business idea appears to be a feasible
business opportunity, the process should be
continued.
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Feasibility study should focus on the following:
Market feasibility: total demand size, growth rate of
market.
Technical feasibility: technical know how of
production, cost of acquisition.
Physical resource feasibility: availability of adequate
capital, and cost of funds.
Time feasibility: duration required to operationalise
the business and make expected profit.
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If feasibility fails, no go is the option.
and
If feasibility test results positive, go it the option.
Step Four: Generating Business
Plan

After testing the feasibility of business idea, a business

plan is prepared. A business plan transforms the idea
in to how it will be applied and projects the likely
results to be attained.
It leads the transformation of idea into reality.
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Specifically, a business plan performs the following
activities.
Develops the proposed mission, objectives, strategies
and policies.
Defines the proposed enterprise in terms of its product
or service, market characteristics, the entrepreneurial
team, the likely BOD.
Specify the market plan, manufacturing plan, financial
plan and human resource plan.
Develop performance projections (month wise for at
least 3 years)
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In business planning, the strategies to be followed in
order to overtake the competitors are outlined by
entrepreneurs.
There are three types of competitive strategies.
Cost leadership: being cot efficient
Differentiation: making your product different, ie
superior products
Focus: being sensitive to customers htan your
competitors.
Step Five: Developing Action Plans

To make the plan workable, the business owner should

divide the plan into projects, carefully defining each
one of the following:
1. Purpose: what is the project designed to accomplish?
2. Scope: which areas of the company will be involved
in the project?
3. Contribution: how does the project relate to other
project: and to the overall strategic plan?
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Resource requirements: what human and financial
resources are needed to complete the project
successfully?
Timing: which schedules and deadlines will ensure
project completion?
Step Six: Implementation and
Evaluation

Now it is the time of reality. When action plans are

materialised according to the action plan which is
composed of various projects, business plans are
considered to be implemented.
 Chapter Six

Managing Enterprise
 Production and Operation Management

Production is the transformation of resources into

goods and services that have value to the customers.
In businesses, this transformation takes the form of
production processes, which have following
components:
Inputs: Inputs are four factors of production as land,
labour, capital and entrepreneurship.
Activities that add value: these activities include
engineering, design, manufacturing, and similar
activities that add value for the customers.
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Outputs: these are in the form of finished goods,
services, idea.
The transformation process of the inputs produces an
output that will take the form of goods, services, or
information.
Productions and Operation Management is the
coordination of an organisations resources to produce
finished goods or services.
The objective of production and operations
management in a business firm is to maximise the
value created.
Criteria for plan location(site
selection)

With rare exceptions, production facilities are

expensive and permanent and cannot be easily moved.
In general, production sites are chosen on the basis of
five main criteria:
a)Labour issues: companies that produce services or
goods are dependent on the location of skilled labour.
A company may want to go where the most productive
or technically skilled workers can easily be found.
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b)Government receptiveness: government
receptiveness influence site selection because many
towns, states and foreign countries offer tax breaks or
favourable organisations in those economic zones
which the government gives privileges.
Condition of infrastructure: infrastructure, from
road and railways to electricity and water systems, can
be a critical factor in site selection.
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c) Proximity to suppliers: production facilities must
be convenient to suppliers. To avoid costly
transportation expenses, facilities are built around the
sources that are used as necessary inputs in the
production processes. Examples are those like cotton
textile industries.
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d)Convenience for customers: many services must be
produced where they are consumed, so some
businesses place multiple production facilities within
easy reach of their cusootmer markets. Examples are
those of consumer non durable and fast food industry.
Basic Kinds of Production System

Conversion system or methods of production can

broadly be categorised as:
1)Intermittent Production system: these systems
produce a variety of products either one at a time or
finite number of different products in batches.
Intermittent as the words says it has interval of time
between production of one product and another
product.
This type of production system consist two sub types of
production, namely Job Production and Batch
Production.
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Job production is a one-job at a time production. If it is
repeated there will be considerable interval between
the similar jobs.
Batch production: involve a group of products of the
same design passing through the production process
together.
Continuous/flow process/ Mass
Production System
continuous conversion operations are featured by large
volume deliveries of materials, highly automated
equipment, highly speciliased workforce, products of
standard design and construction.

Basic Comparisons between the two production

systems are as follows:
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Continuous processing system usually yields a lower
unit cost of products due to economies of scale,
specialisation of labour, and the likes while in
comparison the unit cost is higher in intermittent
production system due to the unique nature of
production.

Storage cots per unit are usually lower in continuous

processing system because of low inventories.
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Time required for production is usually shorter in
continuous processing system.
Continuous processing system requires larger
investments because it uses special purpose machine,
fixed path material handling equipment and larger
scope.
 Plant Layout

Layout refers to the position of some thing in terms of

location in reference with other related items. Layout
of a plant implies how different departments are
positioned.
The Process Layout: methods of arranging
equipment so that production tasks are carried out in
discrete locations containing specilialised equipment
and personnel.
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Product Layout: resources such as equipment,
personnel, materials and supporting resources are
arranged according to the functions beings performed
to produce a certain product.
Assembly-Line Layout: methods of arranging
equipment in which production is in a flow of work
processing along with a line of work stations.

Fixed Position Layout: methods of arranging

equipment in which the product is stationary,
equipment and personnel are brought to it.
Production Planning and Control

Production control is the process through which the

performances of production are controlled and
adjustments are inaugurated.
There are Five steps in production control:
i)Production Planning: estimating material and
resources that will be needed and stating where and
when they will be used.
i)Routing: deciding what value-adding activities should
take place, where, and when. It is the task of specifying
the sequence of operations and the path through the
facility that work will take.
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iii)Scheduling: preparing a detailed timetable for labour,
materials, and production activities. It is the process of
ensuring that materials are at the right place at the
right time.
iv)Dispatching: sending people, materials, and
equipments to where they are needed. It is the issuing
of work orders and the distribution of papers to
department-supervisors.
v)Follow-up: Activities by managers or employees to
compare actual work performed with plans and
schedules for that work.
 Finance Management

The Process of Financial Management

The process consists of five basic steps:
First step is estimating month-by-month flow of funds
into the business form all the sources including gains
on external investments.
Second step deals estimating month-by-month flow of
fund out of the business, including both operating
expenses and capital investments.
 CONTINUE
Third step involves compare inflows and outflows. If
cash is negative, determine how to make it positive,
either by reducing the outflows or increasing the
inflow.
Fourth step refers choose which capital investments
should be made for continued growth.
Step five analysis establish a system for tracking flow
of funds and measuring the return on investment.
 Types of Capital

Current Asset Capital: it is also called Circulating

Capital/Working Capital which includes:
Cash: the most liquid type of asset
Inventories: raw material inventory, goods in process
inventory and finished goods inventory.
Account Receivable: what a company owes from
others.
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Fixed Asset Capital: are relatively permanent assets
including:
Tangible fixed assets: includes machinery, plant,
equipment, land, buildings.
Intangible Assets: patents, copyrights, trade marks and
reputation.

Growth Capital: the capital requirement for

continued growth or for changing the line of business.
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Promotion Expense Capital: it is paid to promoters
of company in term of fee.
Personal Expense Capital: money requirement to
cover entrepreneurs living expense.
Source of Funds.
On the same, there are two major sources of fund or an
entrepreneur can raise finance through equity
financing or debt financing.
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Equity financing
Finance can be acquired through one of the following
financing avenues.
a) Entrepreneurs personal savings
b) Funds from friends, relatives
c) Angels (friends friends)
d) Partners
e) Venture Capitalists. This includes
-Wealthy families pooling their resources
-Investment banks
CONTINUE
Debt financing
Dept financing include
Short-term financing: short term debt is any debt
that will be repaid within one year and is used mostly
for working capital.
The two types of loans are secured and unsecured
loans.
Secured Loans: secured loans are those that are backed
by something of value, known as collateral, which
may be seized by the lender should the borrower fail to
repay the loan.
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The three main types of collateral are accounts
receivable, inventories, and other property.
Unsecured Loans: an unsecured loan is one that
require no collateral. Instead the lender relies on the
general credit record and the earning power of the
borrower.

Commercial paper: a short-term financing option that

has become increasingly popular is to borrow from
other business and investors.
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Long-term financing: the three main sources of
long-term financing of debt financing are loans,
leases, bonds.
Marketing Management

Marketing is the business function that identifies

customers needs and wants, determines which target
markets the organization can serve best, and designs
appropriate products, services, and programmes to
serve these markets.
Basic Concept Underlying
Marketing

Need, Wants and Demands

Human Resource Management

Organisations use different resources such as human

resource, material resource, financial resource,
informational resource, and others.
Nature of Human Resource
Management