Datacommunication and Networking

(zafar_ayub@hotmail.
com)
CopyrightrevisedforZafarAyub
DATACOMMUNICATION
ANDNETWORK
CHAPTER1
1 CompilebyZafarAyub
WHATISDATACOMMUNICATION?
Electronic transmission of information that has been
encoded digitally with some standard from one network
(systems) to other network (systems) via certain medium,
knowsasDataCommunication.
ElementsofDataCommunication;
(zafar_ayub@hotmail.com)
Information/Data
Digitalencoded
Transferofdata/senderandreceiver
Specificmedium
2
WHATISNETWORK?
A computer network often simply referred to as a
network,isacollectionofhardwarecomponents,whichare
interconnected by communication channels that allow
sharing of resources and information with respect to
certainsetofrules/protocolsviaOS/software.
ElementsofNetwork;
Hardwareequipments
NetworkOS/software
Communicationchannel
Information/Data/Recourse
Protocols
3
TERMINOLOGIES
Data transmission process between sender and receiver is
refer to data communication, and deployed physical
environment(hardware/software/protocols/channel)is
network.
Data: digital information over computer / network, which
may define with certain type of file extension; like .doc,
.ppt,.pdf,.exe,andetc. Fileextensiondominatenature
ofdatafile
4
Resource: all sharable / accessible items over network,
whichmayphysical/virtual,knowsasresource.
physicalresourcemaybeharddrive,printer,serversand
etc.
virtualresourcemaybedatafiles,onlineapplication,web
site,internetandetc.
Share Resource: a shared resource or network share is a
device / piece of information means file / software or
application, on a computer that can be remotely accessed
fromanothercomputer.
5
Channel: communication channel is a medium on which
resource can be access over network and establish
connectivitybetweensenderandreceiver.Channelspeed/
networkspeedisdependsuponbandwidth.
bandwidthchannelcapacityknownasbandwidth.
Therearetwotypesofchannels;
physical channel like; network cable, fiber optic,
electricalwire,andetc.
logical or virtual channel like; wireless, radio
frequency,WiFi,WiMax,andBluetooth
6
Protocols:acommunicationsprotocolisasystemofdigital
messageformatsandrulesforexchangingthosemessages
in or between computer systems and in network /
telecommunications.
Protocols regulate the following characteristics of a
network:accessmethod,allowedphysicaltopologies,types
ofcabling,andspeedofdatatransfer.
Protocols may include signaling, authentication, error
detectionmethod,andnetworkpolicies.
A protocol can be implement at hardware or software or
both, and with respect to assignment these are
implementedlike;forwebhttp,forsecuritySSL,foremail
POP3 / SMTP, for LAN network Ethernet, for routing
BGP/RIP,etc.
7
Digital Encryption: in encryption is the process of
transforminginformation/datausinganalgorithmtomake
it unreadable to anyone (except those possessing special
knowledge,usuallyreferredtoasakey).
The result of the process is encrypted information and the
reverse process, i.e. to make the encrypted information
readableagainisreferredtoasdecryption.
algorithm set of steps for assembling / reassembling of
datawithrespecttodefinenetworktechnology.
Typesofdigitalencryption;
SoftwareBasedEncryptionasoftwareprogramtofacilitate
encryptionprocessondata/filewithrespectto256bitAES/
448bitBlowfishalgorithms.Hardwareisonlyresponsibleto
deliverencryptedfiletootherendcomputerwhereagainvia
softwareprogramfilemaybedecryptfororiginaldata/file.
8
Drawbacks
allencryptionperformondata/fileduringfiletransfer.
data / file size is also increase with addition of certain
algorithms.
securityriskforconfidentialitydocuments.
Hardware Based Encryption all data intensive encryption
tasksaredoneonboardstoragedevice,ratherthanonfile,by
this file size remain standard with maximum speed. Most
important factor is hardware security protocols which are
onlyconfiguresameenddevice
Hardware encryption is also apply with specialize network
equipment.
Drawbacks
highercostofequipments
Network Hardware: all equipments / devices which may

used on network and facilitate for resource sharing and
dataconnectivitylike;router,switch,firewall,andservers
etc.
Network Software: specialize software / OS which may
establish logical connectivity, authentication, and
managementofnetwork,commonlybuiltinwithoperating
system.Somearelike;teamviewer,skype,etc
10
Sender:acomputer/devicefromwhichdata/filesaresend
tospecificdestination.
Receiver a computer / device at which data / files are

receivedbysource.
11
DATATRANSMISSION
Data transmission is the physical transfer of data over a
pointtopointorpointtomultipointchannel.
Data transmission is a subset of the field of data
communications,whichalsoincludescomputernetworking
or computer communication applications and networking
protocols,forexampleroutingandswitching.
Point to point : In telecommunications a pointtopoint
connectionreferstoacommunicationsconnectionbetween
twonodesorendpoints.
Point to multipoint : refers to communication which is
accomplished via a specific and distinct type of oneto
manyconnection
12
DATACOMMUNICATIONTECHNIQUES
SerialTransmission istheprocessofsendingdataonebit
at a time, in sequentially, over a communication channel /
computerbus.Adatachannelthattransfersdigitaldataina
serialmode,onebitaftertheotheroveronewire,withstart
andstopbit.
Serialinterfacesmayhavemultiplelines,butonlyonelineis
used for data. On earlier PCs, the serial port was a serial
interface for attaching modems and data acquisition
terminals,andsometimesmouse.
13
Parallel Transmission is a method of sending several data
signalssimultaneouslyoverseveralparallelchannels.
In parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8 bits or a

byte/character)aresentsimultaneouslyondifferentchannels
(wires, frequency channels) within the same cable, or radio
path, and synchronized to a clock. Due to multi channels
lines in parallel transmission, it may comparatively fast as
serialtransmission.
14
TransmissionCharacteristicTheadvantages,limitations
andtypicalapplicationsofparallelandserialtransmission
methodologiesaresummarizedinchart;
Transmission Serial Parallel

Characteristic
Transmission One bit comes after another, one by All bits in a single character and
description one transmit simultaneously
Comparative Speed Slower Faster
Distance Limitation Farther Shorter
Application Between two computer, from Within a computer the along

computer to external devices, and computer buses, between drive
local and wide network controller to hard drive
Cable Description All bits travel down in single wire, Each bit travel down its own wire
one bit at one time simultaneously with other bits
15
DATACOMMUNICATIONCHANNELS
Therearethreedatacommunicationchannelslike;
Simplexcommunicationreferstocommunicationthatoccurs
in one direction only. Examples radio broadcast, keyboard /
mouseinputstoCPU,internetmulticast,andonelaneand
onesideroadonly.
Half duplex communication system provides
communicationinbothdirections,butonlyonedirectionata
time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins
receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop
transmitting, before replying. Examples walkietalkie, one
laneroadwithtrafficcontrollersateachend.
16
Full duplex communication sometimes called doubleduplex
system allows communication in both directions
simultaneously. Virtually no collisions take place on a full
duplextransmission.Perhapsabiggerbenefitistheincrease
inoverallthroughputsincewearesendingandreceivingon
twodifferentchannels,wejusttheoreticallydoubledourdata
transfer rate. Examples landline / mobile phone, two way
doublesideroad.
17
DATACOMMUNICATIONMODES
Data communication modes define behavior of data flow
duringcommunicationwhichisbasedonintervaloftime.
When devices are communicating, they must be know when

ever data has tosend or receive (in period of time). The two
devices must establish and maintain some type of timing
betweenthemsothatsignalsareproduced,transmitted,and
detectedaccurately.
There are two main alternatives to establishing and

maintainingthetimingforthesamplingofthesignals.These
two timing alternatives are known as asynchronous and
synchronous,alsoknownasdatacommunicationmodes.
DataLinkLayer:allsynchronizationoccursonthedatalink
layer(2ndlayerofTCP/IP),wherethedatainformofframe.
18
Asynchronous communication The transmission of data in
which each character is a selfcontained unit with its own
start and stop bits. Intervals between characters may be
irregular.
19
Startbitinformthattransmissionhastostartwithbinary
valueof0.
Stop bit inform to equipment that transmission has been
stopwithbinaryvalueof1.
Whennocharacterisbeingtransmitted,thelinebetweentransmitter
andreceiverisinanidlestate(binary1level).
Aminimumlengthforthestopelementisspecified,andthis
isusually1,1.5,or2timesthedurationofanordinarybit.
Datacontainmaybe58characterbits.
Paritybit:Characterbitmayincludeparitybit,setbythetransmitter
suchthatthetotalnumberofonesinthecharacter,includingtheparity
bit,iseven(evenparity)orodd(oddparity).Thereceiverusesthisbit
forerrordetection.
20
Therearetwotypesofparitybit
evenparitybit
oddparitybit
Evenparitybitwhenusingevenparity,theparitybitisset
to1ifthenumberofonesinagivensetofbits(notincluding
the parity bit) is odd, making the number of ones in the
entiresetofbits(includingtheparitybit)even.Ifthenumber
ofonesinagivensetofbitsisalreadyeven,itissettoa0.
anevenparitybitwillbesetto"1"ifthenumberof1s+1iseven
Oddparitybitwhenusingoddparity,theparitybitissetto
1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not including
the parity bit) is even, keeping the number of ones in the
entiresetofbits(includingtheparitybit)odd.Andwhenthe
numberofsetbitsisalreadyodd,theoddparitybitissetto
0.
anoddparitybitwillbesetto"1"ifthenumberof1s+1isodd
21
atendoftransmissionnomaximumvalueisspecified,becausethe
stopelementisthesameastheidlestate,thetransmitterwillcontinueto
transmitthestopelementuntilitisreadytosendthenextcharacter.
SynchronouscommunicationThetransmissionofdatainblock
setandtimeintervalsbetweencharactersmayberegular.
eachblockofdataisformattedasaframethatincludesastartingand
an ending flag, and is transmitted in a steady stream without start and
stopcodes.
Clock speed : time interval (clock speed) must be synchronized, to

preventtimingdriftbetweentransmitterandreceiver;
canuseseparateclockline
embedclocksignalindata 22
By adding clock line add specific time of break between
senderandreceiver.
Byaddingclocksignaladdclockinformationinframe.
In synchronous transmission, there is another level of

synchronization required, to allow the receiver to determine the
beginningandendofablockofdata.
each block begins with a preamble bit pattern (opening flag) and
generallyendswithapostamblebitpattern(closingflag).
23
preamble bit The preamble is a 64bit (8 byte) field that
contains a synchronization pattern consisting of alternating
ones and zeros and ending with two consecutive ones. After
synchronizationisestablished,thepreambleisusedtolocate
thefirst bitof thepacket.Thepreambleisgeneratedbythe
LANinterfacecard.
postamble bit commonly used end of synchronous
transmission.
Controlbit:startcontrolbitcontaindestinationMAC,source
MAC,andprotocol;andsimilarstopcontrolbitcontainCRC
information.
24
Comparison some comparison between asynchronous
communicationandSynchronouscommunicationasfollow;
Characteristic Asynchronous Synchronous
Transmission Used serial communication Used parallel communication
techniques
Comparative capacity Data transmit one character at Data transmit block (bunch of
one time character) at one time
Distance limitation Farther (long) Shorter
Sync method Start and stop bit Clock speed
Comparative speed Low speed due to serial More efficient due to parallel
transmission transmission
Costing Simple and cheap Much cost due to mechanism
Bandwidth loss 20% to 30% over capacity 5% over capacity
25
DATACOMMUNICATIONPORTS
For interconnection with other device every data
communication device have specific port / interface, by data
communicationmechanismtwotypesofportsareavailable;
Serial port a serial port is a serial communication physical
interface through which information transfers in or out one
bitatatime.
Serial port available in DB9, DB25 and Mini Din8 (apple
format);
DB9 DB25 MiniDin8
male male male
female female female

26
DB 9 DB9 also known as RS422, pin configuration as
follows;
DB 25 DB 25 also know as RS232, pin configuration as
follows;
27
Mini Din 8 Din8alsoknownas RS422, pin configuration
asfollows;
Note : serial port commonly used in old mouse port, game
controller,modemportandsomeoldprinters.
28
Parallel port a parallel port is a parallel communication
physical interface. It is also known as a printer port or
centronicsport.
Parallel port is standard of IBM known as (DB25) 25pin

combinations.Someavailablespeedofparallelports;
oBidirectional150Kbps
oEPP1.5Mbps
oECP2.5Mbps
oEPPPCI4.5Mbps
BeforetheadventofUSB,theparallelinterfacewasadapted
toaccessanumberofperipheraldevicesotherthanprinters.
Listarebellowhere;
Hardware dongles, Zip drives, Scanners, Webcam, External
modem,Soundcard,ExternalHDDandCDRom
29
DB25DB25standardofIEEE1284asprinterport;
Centronicsportwith36pinsinterface;
30
USBUniversalSerialBusisalsoserialportwithhighspeed
dataflow.
USB1.0withspeedof1.5Mbps
USB1.1withspeedof12Mbps
USB2.0withspeedof480Mbps
USB3.0withspeedof5Gbps(SuperSpeed)
USB1 USB2USB3
31
USBDataTransferRateComparison
USBRevision USB1.0 USB2.0 USB3.0
Media(DataSize) TransferTime
Song/Pic(4MB) 5.3sec 0.1sec 0.01sec
256Flash(256MB) 5.7min 8.5sec 0.8sec
USBFlash(1GB) 22min 33sec 3.3sec
SDMovie(6GB) 2.2hr 3.3min 20sec
USBFlash(16GB) 5.9hr 8.9min 53.3sec
HDMovie(25GB) 9.3hr 13.9min 70sec 32

SIGNALSANDSYSTEM
Asignalisanelectriccurrentorelectromagneticfieldusedto
conveydatafromoneplacetoanother.
The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is

switched on and off; this is the principle by which the early
telegraph worked. More complex signals consist of an
alternatingcurrent (AC) or electromagnetic carrier that
containsoneormoredatastreams.
Dataissuperimposedonacarriercurrentorwavebymeans
of a process called modulation. Signal modulation can be
doneineitheroftwomainways:analoganddigital.
Note : In recent years, digital modulation has been getting

more common, while analog modulation methods have been
used less and less. There are still plenty of analog signals
33
around,however,andtheywillprobablyneverbecometotally
extinct.
Therearethreedatatransmissionscoreaspect;
Data Actual information being sent / received, possibly

Analog(continuous)ordigital(discrete).
AnalogDataTakesoncontinuousvalues.Ex.Voiceorvideo
Digital Data Takes on discrete values. Ex. Text and
integers
SignalElectronicorelectromagneticrepresentationofdata,
possiblyAnalogordigital.
Analog Signal Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
representingdatacarriedoveravarietyofmedium.
DigitalSignalSequenceofvoltagepulsesrepresentingdata
transmittedoverawiremedium
Transmission Communication of data by sending /

receiving,andprocessingdata.
AnalogTransmissionCommunicationofanalogsignals
DigitalTransmissionCommunicationofdigitalsignals 34
Analog Signals An analog signal is any continuous signals
forwhichthetimeisvariableofthesignal.
DigitalSignalsAdigitalsignalisaphysicalsignalthatisa
representation of a sequence of discrete values.
35
Comparison some comparison between analog and digital
signalsasfollow;
Characteristic Analog Digital
Number of range Analog signals can have an Digital signals can have only a
infinite number of values in a limited number of values (1 / 0)
range
Type of data Continuous Discrete
Value of data Moreexactvalues,butmore Notasexactasanalog,but
difficulttoworkwith easiertoworkwith
Wave types Sing waves Square waves
Type of value Negative / positive Positive
Medium Wire / un-wire Wire
Device Amplifier for signals boosting Repeater for signals regenerating
(noise also be amplify) (noise isnt boost)
Security Non-encryption Encryption
Capacity / Bandwidth Low High
Examples Voice, video, file format on tape, Text, integers, images, computer
Radio / TV transmission waves format files (CD, HDD) 36
Analog Signal Example Telephones take sound vibrations
and turn them into electrical vibrations of the same shape
before they are transmitted over traditional telephone lines.
Radiowavetransmissionsworkinthesameway.Computers,
which handle data in digital form, require modems to turn
signals from digital to analog before transmitting those
signalsovercommunicationlinessuchastelephonelinesthat
carry only analog signals. The signals are turned back into
digital form (demodulated) at the receiving end so that the
computercanprocessthedatainitsdigitalformat.
DigitalSignalExampleThisistheprinciplebehindcompact
discs (CDs). The music itself exists in an analog form, as
wavesintheair,butthesesoundsarethentranslatedintoa
digital form that is encoded onto the disk. When you play a
compactdisc,theCDplayerreadsthedigitaldata,translates
it back into its original analog form, and sends it to the
amplifierandeventuallythespeakers.
37

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(zafar_ayub@hotmail.

Network Hardware: all equipments / devices which may

Receiver a computer / device at which data / files are

In parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8 bits or a

Transmission Serial Parallel

Comparative Speed Slower Faster

Distance Limitation Farther Shorter

Application Between two computer, from Within a computer the along

When devices are communicating, they must be know when

There are two main alternatives to establishing and

Clock speed : time interval (clock speed) must be synchronized, to

In synchronous transmission, there is another level of

Characteristic Asynchronous Synchronous

Sync method Start and stop bit Clock speed

Bandwidth loss 20% to 30% over capacity 5% over capacity

Serial port a serial port is a serial communication physical

female female female

Parallel port is standard of IBM known as (DB25) 25pin

USBRevision USB1.0 USB2.0 USB3.0

256Flash(256MB) 5.7min 8.5sec 0.8sec

USBFlash(1GB) 22min 33sec 3.3sec

SDMovie(6GB) 2.2hr 3.3min 20sec

USBFlash(16GB) 5.9hr 8.9min 53.3sec

HDMovie(25GB) 9.3hr 13.9min 70sec 32

The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is

Note : In recent years, digital modulation has been getting

Data Actual information being sent / received, possibly

Transmission Communication of data by sending /

Characteristic Analog Digital

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