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REASONING:
IMMEDIATE
IMMEDIATE
INFERENCE
FEREN
REASONING
a mental operation through which
the agreement or disagreement of
two ideas is inferred from their
known relation to a common third
idea.
Methods O
Reasoning F
INDUCTION/Inductive Reasoning
One which proceeds from individual or
particular data to general or universal
conclusion.
Example:
Juan is a man.
Juan is mortal.
All men are mortal.
DEDUCTION/Deductive Reasoning
One which proceeds from universal data to
particular and individual conclusion.
Example:
John is a man.
John is mortal.
KindsOF
Inference
IMMEDIATE INFERENCE
Eduction
Conversion
Obversion
Contraposition
Inversion
Logical Opposition
Contradictory
Contrary
Subcontrary
Subaltern Oppositions
Rules governing their oppositions
MEDIATE INFERENCE
IMMEDIATE
INFERENCE
a process of reasoning through
which the mind passes directly
from one proposition to a new
proposition which is nothing else
but a reformulation (partial or
complete) of the very exact
meaning or truth as expressed in
the original proposition.
IMMEDIATE INFERENCE
Contains only two terms, namely, subject
term and predicate term.
Example:
OBVERTEND OBVERSE
(1) All men are mortal. (A) (1) No men are non-mortal. (E)
(Su) (Pp) (Su) (Pu)
(2) No men are mortal. (E) (2) All men are non-mortal. (A)
(Su) (Pu) (Su) (Pp)
(3) Some men are mortal. (I) (3) Some men are not non-mortal. (O)
(Sp) (Pp) (Sp) (Pu)
(4) Some men are not mortal. (O) (4) Some men are non-mortal. (I)
(Sp) (Pu) (Sp) (Pp)
CONTRAPOSITION
CONTRAPOSITION
results from a formulation of a new proposition
whose subject term is the contradictory of the
predicate term in the original proposition.
product of both conversion and obversion.
S CC S
U OO U
NN
B TT B
A RR A
AA
L DD L
I ICC
T TT T
E OO E
RR
R I IEE R
N SS N
S S
S CC S
U OO U
NN
B TT B
A RR A
AA
L DD L
I ICC
T TT T
E OO E
RR
R I IEE R
N SS N
S S
Conclusions
(a) If A is true, E is false.
(b) If E is true, A is false.
(c) If A is false, E is doubtful.
(d) If E is false, A is doubtful.
SUBCONTRARY
Square of Opposition
A CONTRARIES E
All x are y. No x are y.
S CC S
U OO U
NN
B TT B
A RR A
AA
L DD L
I ICC
T TT T
E OO E
RR
R I IEE R
N SS N
S S
S CC S
U OO U
NN
B TT B
A RR A
AA
L DD L
I ICC
T TT T
E OO E
RR
R I IEE R
N SS N
S S