SHIP HULL AND STRUCTURAL TERMS

BY:
VIPIN DEVARAJ
DEPT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,
TRAINEE,INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING
BUREAU, KAKKANAD ,KOCHI

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 SHIPS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

A SHIP STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF A NETWORK OF WELDED TOGETHER CROSS-

STIFFENED PLATES (SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS A GRILLAGE).

PLATES ARE STIFFENED BY WELDED

GIRDERS (I-BEAMS, T-BEAMS,
ETC.).

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 SHIPS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS TO BE DISCUSSED ARE AS FOLLOWS:

KEEL
PLATING
FRAMES
FLOORS
DECK BEAMS
LONGITUDNALS
DECK GIRDERS

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 KEEL

At the centre line of the bottom structure is located the keel, which is often said to
form the backbone of the ship. This contributes substantially to the longitudinal
strength and effectively distributes local loading caused when docking the ship. The
commonest form of keel is that known as the flat plate keel, and this is fitted in the
majority of ocean-going and other vessels.A form of keel found on smaller vessels is
the bar keel.The bar keel may be fitted in trawlers, tugs, etc., and is also found in
smaller ferries.

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 PLATING

Thin pieces closing in the top, bottom, and sides of structure.

Outer plating (side shell and bottom plating)
Strakes = longitudinal rows of outer plating (e.g. garboard, sheer, deck strakes)
The shell plating forms the watertight skin of
the ship and at the same time,
in merchant ship construction, contributes to
the longitudinal strength and
resists vertical shear forces. Internal
strengthening of the shell plating may
be both transverse and longitudinal and is
designed to prevent collapse of
the plating under the various loads to which
it is subject.
VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT
 FLOORS

The transverse vertical plates dividing these tanks into sections are called
floors. Vertical transverse plate floors are provided both where the bottom is
transversely and longitudinally framed. At the ends of bottom tank spaces and
under the main bulkheads, watertight or oil tight plate floors are provided.
solid plate floors are fitted to strengthen the bottom transversely and
support the inner bottom. These run transversely from the continuous center
girder to the bilge, and manholes provided for access through the tanks and
lightening holes are cut in each solid plate floor. The spacing of the solid plate
floors varies according to the loads supported and local stresses experienced.
At intermediate frame spaces between the solid plate floors, 'bracket floors
are fitted. The bracket floor consists simply of short transverse plate brackets
fitted in way of the centre girder and tank sides

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Stringers are large beams or angles fitted in various parts of the vessel to give
added strength. Depending upon their locations, stringers are known as bilge
stringers, side stringers, hold stringers, etc

Bulkheads (longitudinal & transverse) :-Bulkheads are large partitions made of

plates riveted or welded together and stiffened with angle bars, tee bars, etc.
Depending on the type of ship there are transverse, longitudinal and side
bulkheads. They divide the ship into compartments fore-and-aft, or from port to
starboard, and they may run between two or more decks

Frames Girders which run transversely from keel to main deck. Used to
transversely stiffen the outer plating.

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

MIDSHIP SECTION
VIEW SHOWING
STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 FRAMING

TYPES OF FRAMING SYSTEMS

1. Transverse Framing
For combating primarily hydrostatic and side impact loads
Closely spaced continuous frames with widely spaced longitudinals
Used primarily for
Short ships (lengths less than typical ocean waves: ~ 300ft)
Submarines
Thick side plating is required
Longitudinal strength is relatively low.
Primary role of transverse members is to resist the hydrostatic loads.Usually used
in ship with length less than 100m

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 FRAMING

TRANSVERSLY FRAMED BOTTOM STRUCTURE

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 FRAMING

2.Longitudinal Framing

For combating primarily longitudinal bending (flexure) loads

Closely spaced longitudinals and more widely spaced (deep web) frames
Side plating is comparably thin primarily designed to keep the water out

Primary role of longitudinal members is to resist the longitudinal bending

stress due to sagging and hogging

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 FRAMING

Longitudinally
Framed ship

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 FRAMING

3.Combination Framing
For combating combined loads
More longitudinal members near top and bottom structure
Side structure is primarily transverse
Most Navy surface ships are of this type

Ship using combined

framing with transverse
framing on sides and
longitudinally framed
bottom.

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 TYPES OF BOTTOM CONSTRUCTIONS

1. Single Bottom Construction

Usually found on tankers & small ships
Bottom transverse frames are known as floors
1. Floors are vertical structural members.
2. Floors support bottom plating - transfer the load to keel (& keelsons)
and side frames
Can be used with any framing system.

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT

 TYPES OF BOTTOM CONSTRUCTIONS

Double Bottom Construction

Types of
1. Advantages
Double
Construction Stronger -
Bottom
provides more longitudinal
Construction
material.
Provides volume in which to
store liquids without taking
up cargo space
Provides damage resistance
in the bottom
2. Disadvantages
More expensive to
construct, higher
maintenance costs
Moves neutral axis of the
ship down - causing higher
stresses in the deck VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT
 TYPES OF BOTTOM CONSTRUCTIONS

Double Bottom Construction

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT


THANK YOU

VIPIN DEVARAJ, DEPARTMENT OF SHIP TECHNOLOGY,CUSAT