VDB 3032

Design of Steel Structures

 Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Distinguish the properties of steel and determine Section classification

2. Analyze and design of loaded members (axial, flexural, beam-columns,
connections).
3. Analyze and design steel connections subject to complex loading.
4. Analyze and design of loaded members using plastic design concepts

2-credit hours course. Two hours lecture per week

Assessment:
3 Assignments 13%
3 Quizzes 17%
2 Tests 20%
Final Examination (2 hours) 50%
 CourseOutline
Introduction
Properties and behaviour of Steel CLO 1
Section Properties and Section classification
Axially Loaded Members
Tension Members.
CLO2
Compression Members.
End Connections.
Flexural members
Moment Capacity.
Lateral Torsional Buckling. CLO2
Shear.
Deflection.
Members subjected to Combined Flexural and Axial Forces CLO2
Connections
Welded and bolted connection.
Shear connections.
CLO3
Eccentric Connections: Shear and Flexure , Torsion and Shear.
Beam to Beam Connections.
Beam to Column Connections.
Concepts of plastic analysis
Introduction to plastic analysis methods.
Analysis methods: Equilibrium method and kinematic method.
CLO4
Theorems of plastic analysis: Upper bound theorem and Lower bound theorem.
Applications: basic mechanisms, combined mechanisms.
 Civil Engineering Programme Outcomes (PO)
Outcome based Education (OBE)
Acquire and apply engineering fundamentals to complex civil engineering problems.
Identify, formulate and solve complex civil engineering problems using creativity and
innovativeness.
Design and develop solutions for complex civil engineering problems.
Investigate complex civil engineering problems using research based knowledge and methods.
Utilize modern tools to evaluate complex civil engineering activities.
Demonstrate the understanding of the legal, health & safety, social and cultural
responsibilities of a professional engineer.
Demonstrate the principles of entrepreneurship, sustainable design and development.
Apply professional ethics and responsibilities in civil engineering practice.
Communicate effectively with all levels of industry and society on complex civil engineering
activities.
Perform effectively in multi-disciplinary settings as an individual and in a team with the
capacity to be a leader or manager.
Recognize, acquire and undertake an independent and lifelong learning in continual
technological development.
Demonstrate and apply engineering management and economic principles in multidisciplinary
environments as an individual or as a leader in a team.
 MAPPING TO PO/CLO

VDB 3032 Design of Steel Structures PO1 PO3

Differentiate behaviour of various types of steel and detemine
CLO1 25 25
sectional classification based on section behaviour
Analyze and design steel Members subjected to Complex loading
CLO2 35 35
(axial, flexural, combined )
Analyze and design steel Connections subjected to Complex loading
CLO3 25 25
(in-plane and out-of-plane )
Analyze and design simple and complex structures using plastic
CLO4 15 15
design
25 75 100
ASSESSMENT MAPPING TO CLO

VCB3022 Design of Steel Structures CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 TOTAL

QUIZ 1 5 5
17 QUIZ 2 6 6
QUIZ 3 6 6
ASSIGNMENT 1 4 4

13 ASSIGNMENT 2 4 4

ASSIGNMENT 3 5 5

TEST 1 5 5 10
20
TEST 2 5 5 10
FEQ 1 15 15
FEQ 2 15 15
50
FEQ3 10 10
FEQ 4 10 10
100 25 35 25 15 100
 References
Main Reference:
Lawrence Martin and John Purkiss (2008), Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994, Butterworth Heineman.
The Institution of Structural Engineers and The Institution of Civil Engineers,
MAY 2000, Manual for the design of steelwork building structures to EC3.

Additional Texts
N.S. Trahair, M.A. Bradford, D.A. Nethercot and L.Gardener (2008), The
behavior and Design of Steel Structures to EC3, Taylor and Francis, London,
Fourth Edition.
BS EN 1990-1-1:2002 Eurocode Basis of Structural Design, British
Standards.
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings, British Standards.
BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel structures Part 1-8:
Design of joints, British Standards.
 Introduction

Why we need to learn Design of Steel Structures?

Why often steel is the construction material of choice
for tall structures?
 What is Structural steel?

Steel - man made metal

containing 98% or more iron
small amounts of elements derived from raw materials and
also elements added to improve certain properties. C, Si, Mn,
P,S, Niobium, Vanadium
Carbon improves strength and hardness but reduces ductility
and toughness. Restricted between 0.2 and 0.25% to produce
steel that is weldable and not brittle
smaller amounts of manganese, nickel etc

Structural steel
steel available in various shapes and forms
utilised to support loads and resist the various forces to
which a structure is subjected.
 Youngs Modulus
GPa

Elastomers <0.2
Depending on
Timber 0.2 20 direction of
loading
Earth Highly variable depending on void ratio
Bricks 2 - 10
earth
and ceramics Concrete 20 - 50
Glass 50 - 80
Aluminium 70 - 80
metals
Iron and Steel 200
 Stiffness and Strength
Ultimate strength

Yield strength
Yield strength

s s
Cast iron Mild steel s
Glass
e
e e
E=s/e
Ultimate strength
Ultimate strength
Yield strength
Yield strength
s s
Aluminum alloys copper

0.002 e e
(0.2%)
 Advantages of Steel:
High strength to low weight - good for long span bridges, tall
buildings
Uniformity-properties do not change with time unlike concrete
Elasticity behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials
follows Hookes law to fairly high stress
Ductility withstand extensive deformation without failure under
high tensile stress free from sudden failure
Time saving
Flexibility in fabrication
Reuse on demolition
Disadvantages of Steel:
Maintenance cost corrosion requires periodic treatment
Fire proofing strength tremendously reduced at high temperature
high cost of fire proofing
Susceptibility to buckling for long slender members
Fatigue strength reduced if large number of stress reversals
 General Steel Properties
The important characteristics of steel for design
purposes are:
yield stress (Fy)
ultimate stress (Fu).tensile strength
modulus of elasticity (E)
percent elongation (e)
coefficient of thermal expansion ()
 Design of Steel Structures

The main aspects related to the design of steel structures

Design basis of Steel Structures

Design philosophy and principle

Material and Cross-sectional properties of steel

Analysis techniques and methods

Design of Structural Elements

Engineering Design consists of Two stages

Feasibility Study/ Conceptual design

Involves comparison of the alternative forms of structure and selection
of most suitable type
The success of this stage relies to a large extent on the engineering
judgement and instinct, both of which are the outcome of many years
experience of designing structures.

Detailed design:
involves detailed design of the chosen structure
The detailed also requires these attributes but is usually more
dependent upon a thorough understanding of the codes of practice
for structural design namely EC2 and EC3
These documents are based on the experience of many generations
of engineers, and the results of research. They help to ensure safety
and economy of construction, and that mistakes are not repeated.
 column

beam

Design of steel structures

Multi-storey steel building frame foundation 17
 column
beam

connection

Design of steel structures

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 Design of steel structures
19
 Design Codes
Why codes are used?
Which code to follow for design of steel structures?

1) BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel

Structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings, British Standards.

2) BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of

Steel structures Part 1-8: Design of joints,
British Standards.
 Design of steel structures
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 Design of steel structures
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 Grade of Steel and Design Strength
(table 3.1 EN 1993-1-1)

Yield Strength or Ultimate strength,

Grade of Steel Design Strength, fu (N/mm2)
fy (N/mm2)

Grade 55 S450 440 550

Grade 50 S355 355 510

Grade 43 S275 275 430
Grade 36 S 235 235 360

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 Structural Steels Grades in Use

The four grades are S235,S275, S355, S450

S450 is the strongest, but the lower grades are
most commonly used in structural applications.

Design of steel structures

S stands for Structural
The number indicates the yield strength of the
material in N/mm2.

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 Conceptual Design of building
Design process by which an optimum solution is obtained. In any
design, certain criteria must be established to evaluate whether or
not an optimum has been achieved.

Design: Determination of overall proportions and dimensions of the

supporting framework and the selection of individual members.

Aim of Structural Design To provide with due regard to economy a

Design of steel structures

structure capable of fulfilling its intended function and sustaining the
specified loads for its intended life. The design should facilitate safe
fabrication, transport, handling and erection- account future
maintenance, final demolition, recycling and reuse of materials.

Responsibility: The structural engineer, within the constraints

imposed by the architect (number of stories, floor plan,..) is
responsible for structural design.
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Philosophies/ Theories used for design: Elastic design, Plastic design

and Limit State Design
 Object of Structural Design

Safety (the structure doesnt fall down during lifetime)

Serviceability (how well the structure performs in term of
appearance and deflection)

Design of steel structures

Fulfill requirements of client
Economy (an efficient use of materials and labor)

Alternatives
Several alternative designs should be prepared and their 26

costs compared
 Plastic Design
Utilises strength of steel beyond yield point
The structure may be loaded beyond the yield
point if:
The tendency of the fibre at the yield point stress
toward plastic deformation is resisted by the
adjacent fibres
Those parts of the structure that remain in the

Design of steel structures

elastic-stress range are capable of supporting this
incremental load
The ultimate load is reached when these
conditions cease to exist and thus the structure
collapses
Plastic design is concerned with an allowable load,
which equals the ultimate load divided by an 27
appropriate factor called the load factor.
 Limit State Concept in Design
Stated in cl 2.2 EN 1993-1-1 2005 :Eurocode 3 Design of
Steel Structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings, British Standards
The standard gives recommendations for the design of

Design of steel structures

structural steel work using hot rolled sections, flats, plates,
hot finished structural hollow sections and cold formed
structural hollow sections, in buildings and allied structures
Structures should be designed by considering the limit
states beyond which they would become unfit for their
intended use
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 Limit states

Examples of limit states relevant to steel structures

are given in Table 1.
Ultimate limit states (ULS) Serviceability limit states(SLS)

Design of steel structures

Strength (cl 6.1) Deflection

Stability against overturning and Vibration

sway stability

Fatigue Wind induced oscillation

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Brittle fracture (cl 3.2.3) Durability, (cl.4)
 General principles: Limit State Design
This course discusses
Ultimate limit state of strength
Serviceability limit state of deflection.
Stability aspect of complete structures or sub-structures.
Structures must be robust enough not to overturn or sway
excessively under wind or other sideways loading
Fatigue taken care by the provision of adequate safety

Design of steel structures

factors to prevent the occurrence of high stresses
associated with fatigue.
Brittle fracture avoided by selecting the correct grade of
steel for the expected ambient conditions.
Excessive vibrations and oscillations subject of structural
dynamics
Corrosion- serious problem for exposed steelwork correct
preparation and painting of the steel will ensure maximum 30
durability and minimum maintenance during the life of the
structure. Or else weather resistant steels can be used.
 Different types of load have different probabilities of
occurrence and different degrees of variability, and
that the probabilities associated with these loads
change in different ways as the degree of overload
considered increases. Because of this different load
factors should be used for the different load types.
Load partial factors F, G, Q

Design of steel structures

Partial factor for variability of M
strength

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 Limit State Design
Also called LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) in USA.
The structure is deemed to be satisfactory if its design load effect
does not exceed its design resistance
Design load effect Design resistance
(effect of specified loads x g,Q) specified resistance / M factor

Design of steel structures

Though limit state design method is presented in a deterministic
format, the partial factors are obtained using probabilistic models
based on statistical distributions of loads and structural capacity
Each load effect (DL, LL, ..)has a different load factor which its value
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depends on the combination of loads under consideration.
 Characteristic and Design Material Strength

The material strength may be less than intended because (a) of its
variable composition, and (b) because of the variability of the
manufacturing conditions , and other effects such as corrosion.
Item (a) is allowed by using the characteristic value.
The characteristic strength is the value below which the strength lies
in only small percentage of cases.

Design of steel structures

The characteristic value is determined from test results using
statistical principles , and is normally defined as the value below
which not more than 5% of the test results fall.
The overall effect of items under (b) is allowed for using a partial
safety factor : m for strength
Design Strength is obtained by dividing the characteristic strength by
the partial safety factor for strength
The value of m depends upon the properties of the actual 33
construction materials being used.
 ACTIONS
BS EN 1990:2002 : ACTIONS ARE A SET OF FORCES (LOADS)
applied to a structure ,or/and deformations produced by
temperature , settlement or earthquakes
Values of actions are obtained by determining
characteristic or representative values of loads or forces

Design of steel structures

Ideally, loads applied to a structure during its working life,
should be analysed statistically and a characteristic load is
determined.
Characteristic Load: is the representation of the real load,
which is defined as the load with 95% probability of not
being exceeded throughout its lifetime
34
Characteristic Load = Average Load +1.64 X Standard
deviation
 Classification of Actions
PERMANENT ACTIONS (G)
are due to weight of the structure i.e. walls, permanent partitions, floors,
roofs, finishes and services
The actual weights of materials (Gk) should be used in design calculations; but if
not known use density in kN/m3 from EN 1991-1:2002.
Also included in this group are water and soil pressures, forces due to settlement
etc
VARIABLE ACTIONS (Q)

Design of steel structures

Imposed floor Loads (Qk) are variable actions; given for various
dwellings in EN 1991-1-1:2002.
These loads include a small allowance for impact and other dynamic
effects that may occur in normal occupancy. Do not include
forces resulting from the acceleration and braking of vehicles or
movement of crowds. The loads are usually given as distributed loads
or an alternative concentrated load
Wind Actions (Wk) : Are variable but for convenience are expressed as static
pressures in EN 1991-1-4(2002). 35
Thermal effects need to be considered for chimneys, cooling towers, tanks and cold
storage services. Classified as indirect variable actions.
 Actions / Loads
Actions to be taken for adequate performance in fire
ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS(A)
Accidental actions during execution include scaffolding,
props and bracing (EN 1991-1-6:2002). These may involve
consideration of construction loads, instability and collapse
prior to completion of the project
Earthquake Loads (the effects of ground motion are
simulated by a system of horizontal forces):EN1998-8(2004)
Actions induced by cranes and machinery : EN 1991-
3(2004)
Impact and Explosions covered in EN 1991-1-7(2004).

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Characteristic and Design Load

When checking the safety of a member, the designer cannot be certain

about the load the member must carry because (a) of the variability of the
occupancy or environmental loading, and (b) because of unforeseen
circumstances which may lead to an increase in the general level of loading,
errors in analysis, errors during construction etc
Item (a) is allowed by using the characteristic value.

Design of steel structures

The characteristic load is the value above which the load lies in only small
percentage of cases.
Statistical principles cannot be used at present to determine characteristic
loads because sufficient data is not available.
Therefore the characteristic loads are normally taken to be the design loads
from other codes of practice : BS 648 and BS 6399.
Design Load is the value used in design calculations product of
characteristic load and partial safety factors in order to increase reliability
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 Combinations of Design Actions
FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE, three alternative combinations of actions,
modified by appropriate partial safety factors (), must be investigated
(a) Fundamental: a combination of all permanent actions including self
weight(Gk), the dominant variable action (Qk) and combination values of all
other variable actions(0Qk)
(b) A combination of the dominant variable actions(0Qk). This combination
assumes that accidents of short duration have a low probability of occurrence
(c)Seismic:reduces the permanent action partial safety factor(G)with a
reduction factor ()between 0.85 and 1
FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE : 3 alternative combination of actions must be
investigated
(A) The characteristic rare combination occurring in cases exceeding limit state
causes permanent local damage or deformation

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 Properties of materials
Design strength

BS EN 1993-1-1(2005) covers the design of structures

fabricated from structural steels conforming to the
grades and product standards specified. If other steels

Design of steel structures

are used, due allowance should be made for variations in
properties, including ductility and weldability.
The design strength py should be taken as 1.0Ys but not
greater than Us /1.2 where Ys and Us are respectively
the minimum yield strength and the minimum tensile
strength specified in the relevant product standard.
For the more commonly used grades and thicknesses of
steel the value of py may be obtained from Table 3.1.
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 Design of steel structures
40
 Grading
Assessment Component Percentage of Marks

3 Assignments+ 3 Quizzes 30%

2 Tests 20%

Final Exam 50%

UTP attendance policy:

Students who are absent for more than 10% total hours of any
course without prior written permission may be barred from
sitting for the examination in that course.
 E-learning
Class lectures will be regularly uploaded
Notice/ reminders/updates regarding this
subject will be posted on e- learning

Communication

Students expectation

Lecturers expectation
 Summary
Course CLO- PO, Syllabus
References and Grading system
Background of Structural Design
Background of Design of Steel Structures
Design Principles and philosophy

Any questions?
Thank you