Networking Fundamentals: T.Lal Bahadur Sastri, SDE, Tirunelveli

NETWORKING
FUNDAMENTALS
T.Lal Bahadur Sastri, SDE, Tirunelveli
AIM OF THE COURSE
Make Effective Presentations
Deliver Networking
Using Awesome Backgrounds
Engage your Audience
Principles with Practical
Capture Audience Attention
Confident to face the N/W

Interviews
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
A network is simply two or more
computers/systems that are linked together.
Importance:
Sharing of Information/ Resources
Time saving
Avoid Data Duplication
CLASSIFICATION
Types:
1. Geographical Area
LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN,
CAN &SAN
2. Access Rights
Internet, Intranet &
Extranet
TYPES OF NEWORK
The most common types of networks

are:
Local Area Networks (LANS)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANS)
Wide Area Networks (WANS).
The primary difference between the
two is that a whereas a WAN covers a
large geographical area. Most WANs
are made up of several connected LANs.
TYPES OF NEWORK
Contd.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN)

STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)
RGMTTC, Meenambakkam, Chennai-16
LAN (Local Area Network)
LAN is generally
confined to a limited
geographical area
With in a
Room/Building
Ma x Coverage
diatance100m
LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Larger than LAN

Connection within a City
Max Coverage distance 10km
WAN (Wide Area Netowork)
Larger than WAN

Links National &
International boundaries
Global Network
System connected World
wide
PAN (Personal Area Network )
Bluetooth Connectivity
Infrared connectivity
Very short in range
Wireless mouse, printer
& keyboard
CAN (Campus Area Network)
Main Server to Dept wise connection

Maths , Physics, MCA & Computer
Max Coverage 1 Km
SAN (Storage Area Network)
SAN
Storage Area Network
Provides access to consolidated block
level data storage
Storage device
1. Internet
Global Network
World wide network
Interconnection of diff networks
Public Network use any body
2. Intranet
Private Network
Within an Organization
Only the employee of the org can access
3. Extranet
- Limited access to limited public
- BSNL allows intranet access to Dealers & Franchise
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES
BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
MESH TOPLOGY
TREE TOPOLOGY
Advantages
Simple to connect.
Less cable length.
Less cost
Disadvantages
Entire network shut down
Terminators are required
Difficult to indentify the problem
Not suitable for large building
Uses a central device with drop
Cables in all directions
Advantages
Easy to install
No disruptions to the network
Easy to detect fault.
Disadvantages
More cable length.
If the hub fails ,node attached fails.
More expensive
Advantages
The response time predictable.
Disadvantages
More devices in the ring, the longer
the n/w delays
Combined characteristics of linear
bus and star.
Advantages
Point to point wiring
Supported by several hardware and
s/w vendors.
Disadvantages.
If the back bone breaks the entire
segment fails
More difficult to configure.
Every node connected
to every other node.
Used in core networks
Costly
Redundancy purpose
CLASSES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Guided Unguided
(Wired) (Wireless)
Twisted Pair Coaxial Optic Fiber IR Radio Micro

Cable Cable Cable Waves Wave
ISO - OSI
ISO-International Standards Organization

Multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communication is the OSI
OSI-Open System Interconnection
OSI is a model and not a protocol
Vendor specific protocols close off
communication between unrelated systems
OSI model is to open communication between
different systems without requiring changes to
the logic of the underlying hardware and
software
LAYERED COMMUNICATION
Person-A I like rabbits Person-B

(English) Jaime les lapins (French)
Translator-A Ik hou van konijnen Translator-B

(English-Dutch) (Dutch-French)
Ik hou van konijnen
Secretary-A Ik hou van konijnen Secretary-A

(FAX) (FAX)
Ik hou van konijnen
FAX
LAYERED COMMUNICATION
Each layer has a distinct identity and a specific
set of functions
Each layer has an active element to carry out the

layer functions
Each layer provides certain services to the next

higher layer which uses these services to carry
out its assigned functions.
OSI LAYERS
OSI LAYERS
The seven layers can be thought of as
belonging to three sub groups
Network Support Layers (Layers 1-3)
Deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one
device to another
User Support Layers (Layers 5-7)
Allow interoperability among unrelated software
systems
Layer-4 ensures end to end reliable data
transmission
OSI Layers
End System
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical
PSPDN PSTN Dedicated CSPDN
OSI LAYERS
7-Application 7-Application
Link Intermediate Link
7-6 Interface 7-6 Interface
Node
6-Presentation 6-Presentation
5-Session 5-Session
4-Transport 4-Transport
3-Network 3-Network 3-Network

3-2 Interface 3-2 Interface 3-2 Interface
2-Data Link 2-Data Link 2-Data Link

2-1 Interface 2-1 Interface 2-1 Interface
1-Physical 1-Physical 1-Physical
LAYER-1(PHYSICAL)
First of three network support layers
Concerned with physical transmission of
data bits and ensures that a bit entering at
A one end of the transmission media reaches
the other end
P Deals with the mechanical and electrical
S specifications of the interface and
T transmission medium e.g. Optical, coax, RF,
twisted pair etc.
N Defines the type of encoding i.e. how 0s and
D 1s are changed to signals
P Defines data rate / transmission rate i.e.
defines the duration of a bit
LAYER-1(PHYSICAL)
Responsible for synchronization of
A
sender and the receiver clocks
Concerned with the connection of the
P
devices to the medium
S Point-to-point configuration
T Multipoint configuration
N Physical topology
D Mesh; Star; Ring; Bus
P
Transmission Mode
Simplex; Half-Duplex; Full-Duplex
LAYER-1(PHYSICAL)
From Data Link Layer To Data Link Layer
L2 Data L2 Data
L1 -1010100000 Physical Layer L1 -1010100000
Transmission Medium
LAYER-2 (DATA LINK)
Second of three network support layers
Divides the bit stream received from network
layer into manageable data units called
A frames
Transforms the physical layer to a reliable
P link by adding mechanism to detect and
S retransmit damaged frames
T Responsible for physical addressing of the
devices
N Responsible for link-by-link flow control and
D error free delivery of data
P Responsible for Media Access Control
LAYER-2 (DATA LINK)
From Network Layer To Network Layer
L3 Data L3 Data
T2 H2 Data Link T2 H2
Layer
L1- 00101111000001 L1- 00101111000001

To Physical Layer From Physical Layer
LAYER-3 (NETWORK)
Last of the three network support layers
Responsible for Source-to-Destination
A delivery of individual packets across
P
multiple links
If two systems are connected to the same
S
link there is usually no need for a
T
network layer
N Responsible for the unique logical
D addressing of the sender and the receiver
P Responsible for routing of packets
LAYER-3(NETWORK)
From Transport Layer To Transport Layer
L4 Data L4 Data
H3 Network Layer H3
L3 Data L3 Data
To Data Link Layer From Data Link Layer
LAYER-4 (TRANSPORT)
Responsible for Source-to-Destination
A delivery of the entire message
P Uses service-point address (port address)
S for end-to-end delivery
Network layer gets each packet to
T
correct computer, transport layer gets
N the entire message to the correct process
D Responsible for segmenting a message
P into transmittable segments
At the destination the message is
correctly reassembled
SEGMENTATION AND REASSEMBLY
From Session Layer To Session Layer
L5 Data L5 Data
H4 H4 Transport Layer H4 H4
L3Data L3Data
L3Data L3Data
To Network Layer From Network Layer
LAYER-4 (TRANSPORT)
Utilises network layer to ensure reliable,
sequenced data exchange
A Transport layer can be connectionless or
connection oriented
P
A connectionless transport layer treats each
S segment as an independent packet
T A connection oriented transport layer makes
a connection with the transport layer at the
N destination machine before delivering the
D packets
After all the data is transmitted, the
P connection is terminated
LAYER-4 (TRANSPORT)
A Responsible for end-to-end flow control

P of data
S
Responsible for end-to-end error control
of data
T
Error correction is usually achieved through
N retransmission
D
P
LAYER-5(SESSION)
First of the three user support layers
It is the network dialog controller
A It establishes, maintains, and
P synchronises the interaction between
communicating systems
S
It allows the communication between
T two processes to take place either in half-
N duplex or full-duplex
D Allows a process to add checkpoints
P (synchronisation points) into a stream of
data
LAYER-5(SESSION)
From Presentation Layer To Presentation Layer
L6 Data L6 Data
Session
H5 Layer H5
SYN
L5 Data L5 Data
To Transport Layer From Transport Layer
LAYER-6 (PRESENTATION)
Second of the three user support layers
A Concerned with the syntax and semantics
P of the information exchanged between
S two systems
At sender end, changes the information
T
from sender dependent format into a
N common format
D At the receiving end, changes the
P information from common format into
its receiver dependent format
A
Responsible for encryption and
P decryption of sensitive information
S Responsible for data compression of the
T data to be transmitted
N
D
P
From Application Layer To Application Layer
L7 Data Encoded, Encrypted L7 Data
and Compressed data
H6 Presentation H6
Layer
L6 Data L6 Data
To Session Layer Decoded, Decrypted and From Session Layer
Decompressed data
LAYER-7(APPLICATION)
Top of the three user support layers
Enables the user, human or software, to
access the network
A It provides user interfaces and support
P for services e.g. electronic mail, remote
S file access and transfer, shared database
T management and other types of
N distributed information services
D No headers or trailers are added by this
P layer
Specific services provided by the
application layer include
A Network Virtual terminal
Software version of a physical terminal
P Allows user to log on to a remote host
S File Transfer, Access and Management
Allows user to access, retrieve, manage and control
T files in a remote computer
Mail Services(X.400)
N Provides basis for e-mail forwarding and storage
D Directory Services(X.500)
Provides distributed database sources and access
P for global information about various services
User User
X.500 FTAM X.400 X.500 FTAM X.400
Application Layer Application Layer
L7 Data L7 Data
To Presentation Layer From Presentation Layer
AN EXCHANGE USING OSI MODEL
A-7 L7-Data
P-6 L6-Data H6
S-5 L5-Data H5
T-4 L4-Data H4
N-3 L3-Data H3
D-2 T2 L2-Data H2
P-1 0100011110001001000111111000011101010
AN EXCHANGE USING OSI MODEL
L7-Data A-7
L6-Data H6 P-6
L5-Data H5 S-5
L4-Data H4 T-4
L3-Data H3 N-3
T2 L2-Data H2 D-2
0100011110001001000111111000011101010 P-1
SUMMARY OF OSI LAYERS FUNCTIONS
Allow access to network
Application resources
7-6 Interface
Translate, encrypt and
Presentation
compress data
6-5 Interface
Establish, manage and
Session
terminate sessions
5-4 Interface
Reliable end to end delivery Transport
& error recovery 4-3 Interface
Movement of packets;
Network
Provide internetworking
3-2 Interface
Organise bits into streams;
Data Link
Node to node delivery
2-1 Interface
Transmit bits; Mechanical
Physical
and electrical specifications
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
RFC 791 - Internet Protocol
RFC 793 -Transmission Control

Protocol
TCP/IP INTRODUCTION
TCP/IP is a set of protocols that enable
communication between computers over the
network.
Group of multiple protocols work together,
collectively known as a protocol suite or protocol
stack.
TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite
In 1974 Vinton G .Cerf and Bob Kahn, two Internet
pioneers, published A Protocol for Packet Network
Interconnection.
This paper describes the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) , that would eventually replace NCP.
(Network Control Protocol)
OSI LAYER VS TCP/IP
Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport
Network Internetwork
Data Link
Access
Physical
TCP IP - ENCAPSULATION
DATA FORMAT IN TCP/IP
Application
Transport
Internetwork
Access
TCP / IP
The TCP/IP protocol suite is so named for two of

its most important protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP).
The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build:
An interconnection of networks, referred to as
an internetwork, or internet.
Providing universal communication services
over heterogeneous physical networks.

HTTP SMTP POP3 DNS
Application Layer
FTP NNTP SMNP Telnet
Transport Layer TCP UDP
ARP RARP ICMP IGMP

Internetwork Layer
IP
Ethernet Token Ring ATM

Access Layer
X .25 FDDI CDDI Frame Relay
PROTOCOLS

IP - is responsible for :
Moving packet of data from node to
node.
IP forwards each packet based on a
four-byte destination address (the IP
number).
HOW TCP WORKS...?
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
The TCP protocol describes the host-to-host
communication.
TCP explains how two hosts can set up this
communication and how they can stay in touch with
each other as data is being transferred.
TCP - is mainly responsible for :
Data Concurrency
Packet Sequencing
Delivery guarantee
Error control
Retransmission
Application
AN EXCHANGE USING Layer
OSI MODEL
The application layer is provided by the program
that uses TCP/IP for communication.
An application is a user process cooperating with
another process usually on a different host.
Examples of applications include Telnet and the
File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
The interface between the application and
transport layers is defined by port numbers and
sockets.
PORT NUMBERS
The transport layer provides the end-to-end data
transfer by delivering data from an application to
its remote peer.
Multiple applications can be supported
simultaneously.
Provides connection-oriented reliable data
delivery service and connectionless, unreliable,
best-effort service.
The internetwork layer, also called the internet layer
or the network layer.
Provides the "virtual network" image of an internet.
Provides a routing function that attempts to deliver
transmitted messages to their destination.
NETWORK LAYER FUNCTIONS
NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER
The network interface layer, also called the link layer

or the data-link layer, is the interface to the actual
network hardware.
This interface may or may not provide reliable delivery,
and may be packet or stream oriented.
TCP HEADER
Parameter Purpose
Source/Destination Port To identify the ports
Sequence/ Ack No For Widowing Ack No
Size of TCP Header
Data Offset (Start of the TCP Header from the actual data)
Reserve Future use
Flag Control bits
Window To set the window size
Check sum For Error checking
Urgent Pointer Priority datagram
Option Contains negotiation parameter.
Padding For alignment purpose.

Networking Fundamentals: T.Lal Bahadur Sastri, SDE, Tirunelveli

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NETWORKING

Make Effective Presentations

Confident to face the N/W

The most common types of networks

CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN)

Larger than LAN

Larger than WAN

Main Server to Dept wise connection

Twisted Pair Coaxial Optic Fiber IR Radio Micro

ISO-International Standards Organization

Person-A I like rabbits Person-B

Translator-A Ik hou van konijnen Translator-B

Secretary-A Ik hou van konijnen Secretary-A

Each layer has an active element to carry out the

Each layer provides certain services to the next

PSPDN PSTN Dedicated CSPDN

3-Network 3-Network 3-Network

2-Data Link 2-Data Link 2-Data Link

1-Physical 1-Physical 1-Physical

L1 -1010100000 Physical Layer L1 -1010100000

L1- 00101111000001 L1- 00101111000001

A Responsible for end-to-end flow control

X.500 FTAM X.400 X.500 FTAM X.400

Application Layer Application Layer

RFC 791 - Internet Protocol

RFC 793 -Transmission Control

The TCP/IP protocol suite is so named for two of

Transport Layer TCP UDP

ARP RARP ICMP IGMP

Ethernet Token Ring ATM

The network interface layer, also called the link layer

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