Instrument transformer and their application

in the extension of instrument range.

PREPARE BY: ENRL NO.
MARVADI PRITESH R. 140333109008
PATEL KRUTIKA D. 140333109015
PATEL SHIVANI P. 140333109017
PRAJAPATI PARTH P. 140333109022
SUBJECT: EMMI
GUIDED BY:

MAHATMA GANDI INST. OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION &

RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI.
 Instrument transformer

Introduction: Instrument transformers are special transformers

used in conjunction with the relevant instruments such as,
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and energy meter for the
measurement of voltage, current, power and energy.

Such transformers are of two types:

1 Current Transformer (CT): Current transformers are used in
conjunction with ammeter or wattmeter current coil when the
magnitude of AC currents exceeds the safe value of current of
measuring instruments.
Circuit diagram

Instrument
Transformer as CT
 Circuit diagram

2. Potential Transformer (PT): Potential transformers are used in

conjunction with voltmeter when the voltage of an AC circuit
exceeds 750 V as it is not possible to provide adequate insulation on
measuring instruments for voltage more than this.

Instrument Transformer as PT
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Advantages of Instrument Transformer:
1. The measuring instruments can be placed for away from the high
voltage side by connecting long wires to the instrument transformer.
This ensures the safety of instruments as well as the operator.
2. These instrument transformers can be used to extend the range of
measuring instruments like ammeters and voltmeters up to any
required value.
3. The power loss in instrument transformers is very small as
compared to power loss due to the resistance of shunts and
multipliers.
Disadvantages of Instrument Transformer:
1. The only main drawback is that these instruments cant be used
in DC circuits.
Theory of current transformer

Equivalent circuit of CT
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Various symbols are :
n=turns of ratio=secondary turns/primary turns = Ns/Np
Rp=Resistance of primary winding
xp=Reactance of primary winding
Xs= Reactance of secondary winding
Rs= Resistance of secondary winding
Xe= Reactance of external burden i.e. load on secondary
Re= Resistance of external burden i.e. load on secondary
Ep= Primary induced voltage
Es= Secondary induced voltage
Vs= Secondary terminal voltage
Ip= Priimary current
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Is= Seconadry current

I0= No load current
Ic= coreloss ccomponant of I0
Im= Magnetizing componant of I0
Phasor diagram of CT
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Resultant primary current Ip is given by:

Hence, transformation ratio R is given by:

Circuit diagram

Equivalent circuit of PT
Phasor diagram of PT
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Is - Secondary current.
Es - Secondary induced emf.
Vs - Secondary terminal voltage.
Rs - Secondary winding resistance.
Xs - Secondary winding reactance.
Ip - Primary current
Ep - Primary induced emf.
Vp - Primary terminal voltage.
Rp - Primary winding resistance
Xp - Primary winding reactance.
KT - Turns ratio = Numbers of primary turns/number of secondary
turns.
I0 - Excitation current
Im - Magnetizing component of I0.
 Frequency measurement

Types of frequecy meters:

1. Mechanical resonance (reed) type frequency meter
2. Electrical resonance type frequency meter
a) Ferro-dynamic type frequency meter
b) Electrodynamometer type frequency meter
3. Weston frequency meter
4. Ratiometer type frequency meter
5. Saturable core type frequency meter
Mechanical response type frequency meter
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The vibrating reed type of frequency meter is one of the simplest

devices for indicating the frequency of an ac source.
The current whose frequency is to be measured flows through the
coil and exerts maximum attraction on the soft iron armature twice
during each cycle. Reeds of suitable dimensions to have natural
vibration frequencies of 110, 112, 114, and so forth up to 130 cps
are mounted on the bar.
When the coil is energized with a current having a frequency
between 55 and 65 cps, all the reeds are vibrated slightly; but the
reed having a natural frequency closest to that of the energizing
current (whose frequency is to be measured) vibrates through larger
amplitude.
Electrical resonance type frequency meter:

(a) Ferro-dynamic type frequency meter: This type of instrument

operate on the principle of electrical resonance, when inductive
reactance XL and capacitive reactance Xc become equal, electrical
resonance said to be occurred. The moving coil is further connected
to a suitable capacitor C whereas the magnetizing coil is
connected across the supply terminal whose frequency is to be
measured. If we neglect the resistance of the coil and the iron losses
in the core, flux is in phase with current I. Since flux is an
alternating flux, it will induce e.m.f. in the moving coil.
 Power factor measurement
Types of Power Factor Meter:
1. Electrodynamometer type
a) Single phase
b) Three phase
2. Moving iron type
a) Rotating field type moving iron power factor meter
b) Alternating field type moving iron power factor meter

Single phase electrodynamometer type power factor meter:

The general circuit diagram of single phase electrodynamometer
power factor meter is given below.
figure
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The pressure coil is spitted into two parts one is purely inductive
another is purely resistive as shown in the diagram by resistor and
inductor. At present the reference plane is making an angle 90o -
with coil A. And the angle between both the coils A and B is 90.
Scale of the meter is properly calibrated shown the value values of
cosine of angle .

Let us mark the electrical resistance connected to coil A be R and

inductor connected to coil B be L. Now during measurement of
power factor the values of R and L are adjusted such that R=L so
that both coils carry equal magnitude of current. Therefore the
electric current passing through the coil B is lags by 90 with
reference to electric current in coil A as coil B path is highly
inductively in nature.
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.Advantages of Electrodynamic Type Power Factor Meters:
1. Losses are less because of minimum use of iron parts and also
give less error over a small range of frequency as compared to
moving iron type instruments.
2. They high torque is to weight ratio.

Disadvantages of Electrodynamic Type Power Factor Meters

1. Working forces are small as compared to moving iron type
instruments.
2. Scale is not extended over 360.
3. Calibration of electrodynamometer type instruments are highly
affected by the changing the supply voltage frequency.
4. They are quite costly as compared to other instruments.
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