Training Session on Energy

Equipment

Electrical Systems
Presentation to
Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia
Chapter 1

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UNEP GERIAP
Training Agenda: Electricity

Introduction

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UNEP 2005
Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

Development can be measured by a
nations electricity consumption
Electricity usage is divided into:
a) Industrial
b) Commercial and residential
c) Agriculture and irrigation

Electricity is one of the most

important inputs for the industrial
sector 3
UNEP 2005
Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

Electrification in developing countries will
reach 78% of the population by 2030 (World
Energy Outlook)
Electricity supply must increase by 1,000
tWh to satisfy the worlds electricity
demand by the year 2030 (World Energy
Outlook)
The worlds poorest and remote will gain
more electricity access (World Energy
Outlook) 4
UNEP 2005
Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

How can the challenge of the growing
gap between electricity demand and
supply be solved?
a) Renovation and modernization of plants,
transmission and distribution systems
b) Demand side management
c) Awareness raising among energy users

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UNEP 2005
Electricity

Generation & Distribution

Most of the world's electricity is generated
using non-renewable energy sources such
as fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) and
radioactive substances such as uranium
Renewable World electricity
energy techno- generation by energy

logies is widely
Renewable 21%
researched to
Nuclear 16%
make it better Fossil fuels 63%
and cheaper
Figure: World electricity generation 6
Source: EIA
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Generation & Distribution

Electricity is generally generated by AC
generators known as alternators in
thermal, hydro or nuclear plants
Electricity is typically generated at 9-13 KV
and the power generated is in the range of
67.5 MW, 110 MW, 220 MW, 500 MW
Generated power is transmitted to the user
end through a transmission & distribution
network
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UNEP 2005
Electricity

Generation & Distribution

Power plant Transmission Distribution system
system
Generator
GT 220 KV Distribution
Step down
transformer
10.6 KV

Figure: Single line diagram of generation and transmission system

All power stations have generating trans-

formers (GTs) that step up the voltage level 132-
400 KV
Conversely, sub-stations have step-down
transformers to reduce voltage before
distribution 8
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Phase of Electricity
A single phase AC circuit:
Has two wires connected
to the electricity source
The direction of the
current changes many
times per second
Figure: 3-phases of electric system
Source: Wikipedia
Three phase systems:
Have 3 waveforms that are that are 2/3 radians
(120 degrees,1/3 of a cycle) offset in time
The cycle in the figure above will repeat itself
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50-60 times per second
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Active and Reactive Power

Active power (kW) is the real power used by any
load to perform a task
Reactive power (kVAR) is virtual in nature and
decides the load/demand on an electrical system
The utility has to pay for the total power (kVA)

kVA = (KW)2 + (KVAR)2

Figure: Representation of power triangle 10
Source: OIT UNEP 2005
Electricity

Power Factor Correlation

Power factor is the
ratio of active power
(kW) to the apparent
power (kVA) =
Cosine of the angle Figure: Power factor of electric circuit
The undesirable
component (kVAR)
demand should be
as low as possible
for the same kW Figure: Capacitor as kVAR generator
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output
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Improving Power Factor

Correction
capacitors act as
reactive power
generators and
accomplish kW of
work
This reduces the
amount of total
power that has to Figure: Fixed capacitor banks
Source: Ecatalog
be generated by the
12
utilities
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Improving Power Factor

Advantages with capacitor addition:
Reactive component of the network is reduced
and also the total current in the system from
the source end
I2R power losses are reduced in the system
because of reduction in current.
Voltage level at the load end is increased
kVA loading on the source generators as also
on the transformers and lines up to the
capacitors reduces giving capacity relief 13
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Improving Power Factor

Cost benefits of power factor improvement:
Reduced kVA (maximum demand) charges in
utility bill
Reduced distribution losses (kWH) within the
plant network
Better voltage at motor terminals and improved
performance of motors
A high power factor eliminates penalty charges
imposed when operating with a low power
factor 14
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Electrical Load Management

The goal of peak load management is to
reduce the maximum electricity demand to
lower the electricity costs
A load curve is
useful for integrated
load management
by predicting
KVA
patterns of drawl,
peaks and valleys in
demand Hours
Figure: Daily load curve of an 15
engineering industry
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Electricity Billing Mechanism

Maximum Demand Charges
Energy Charges
Fuel cost adjustment charges
Electricity duty charges
Meter rentals
Lighting and fan power consumption
Time Of Day (TOD) rates
Penalty for exceeding contract demand 16
UNEP 2005
Electricity
Peak Load Management Strategies
1) Shifting Non-Critical and
Non-Continuous Process
Loads to Off-Peak time
2) Shedding of Non-
Essential Loads during
Peak Time
3) Operating In-House
Generation or Diesel
Generator (DG) Sets during
Peak Time
4) Operating Air
Conditioning units during
off-peak times and utilizing
cool thermal storage
5) Installation of Power
Factor Correction
Equipments
Rescheduling of large electric loads and equipment
Table: Peak load management strategies
operations in different shifts, these can be planned and
implemented to minimize the simultaneous maximum
demand.
It is possible to install direct demand monitoring systems,
which will switch off non-essential loads when a preset
demand is reached.
Connect the DG sets for durations when demand reaches
the peak value in order to reduce the load demand to a
considerable extent and minimize the demand charges.
Reduce the maximum demand by building up storage
capacity of products/ materials, water, chilled water / hot
water, using electricity during off peak periods.
The maximum demand can also be reduced at the plant
level by using capacitor banks and maintaining the
optimum power factor. 17
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Peak Load Management Strategies

The demand varies
from time to time
Maximum demand is
the time integrated
demand over the
predefined
recording cycle
Trend analysis can
help identify key
areas for electricity
cost reduction Figure: Typical demand curve 18
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Transformer
A static electrical device that
transforms electrical energy
from one voltage level to
another
Consists of two or more coils
Figure: 3 phase core&coil
that are electrically insulated assembly of a transformer
but linked magnetically Source: Kuhlman

The number of turns on the 2nd coil

(connected to the load) to the turns on the 1st
coil (connected to the power source) is the
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turns ratio UNEP 2005
Electricity

Types of transformer
Table: Classification of transformers
Criteria Types Remark
Based on Input Step Up Transforms LV to HV
voltage
Step Down Transforms HV to LV
Based on Operation Located at Power Stations to Step up the voltage
Power Transformer & handles large power. Typical voltage ratings
are 400 kV, 220kV, 132KV, 66 kV, 33kV etc.
Located at Sub-Stations of a distribution network
Distribution
and handles low power. Typical voltage ratings
Transformer
are 11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V etc.
Instrument Used for measuring high voltage and current in
Transformer measuring instruments
Based on Location Located outside on a concrete structure or iron
Outdoor
pole structure
Indoor Located inside a shed on concrete structure
Based on Input & output supply are of three phases (R/Y/B)
Three Phase
Connection with or without neutral
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Single Phase Input & output supply are of single phase
UNEP 2005
Electricity

Transformer Losses & Efficiency

PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD

PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (Load KVA/Rated KVA)2 x PLOAD

Figure: Transformer loss vs. % loading

The transformer losses are due to constant

and variable losses
The best efficiency occurs at the load 21
where constant loss and variable loss are
UNEP 2005
Training Session on Energy
Equipment

Electrical Systems
THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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UNEP GERIAP