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RESULTS OF NOISE
1. Radio receivers
2. TV CRT
3. Data transmission
2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS
A. Correlated Noise
Correlated noise is noise that is correlated to
the signal and cannot be present in a circuit
unless there is an input signal.
B. Uncorrelated Noise
Noise that is present regardless of whether
there is a signal present or none.
TYPES OF CORRELATED NOISE
1. Harmonic distortion
Results when unwanted harmonics of a signal
are produced through non-linear amplification
Vhigher
%THD = X 100
Vfundamental
Where:
%THD = percent total harmonic distortion
Vhigher = quadratic sum of the rms voltages of the harmonics above the
fundamental frequency,
Vfundamental = rms voltage of the fundamental frequency
EXAMPLES
2. Intermodulation distortion
Results when unwanted sum and difference
frequencies are generated when two or more
signals are amplified in a non-linear device.
Where:
f1 and f2 = fundamental frequency (for f1>f2)
m and n = positive integer between 1 and
EXAMPLE
A. External Noise
Noise that is generated outside the device or
circuit.
1. Atmospheric Noise/Static Noise
- caused by naturally occurring disturbances
5. Flicker Noise
- is associated with crystal surface defects in
semiconductor and also found in vacuum
tubes.
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
6. Burst Noise
- is another low frequency noise that seems
to be associated with heavy-metal ion
contamination.
NOISE CALCULATION
I. NOISE POWER & SPECTRUM DENSITY
a. Noise Power
Pn = TBk
b. Noise Spectrum Density
Sn = kT
where:
Pn = Noise Power
Sn= Noise Spectrum Density
T = Absolute Temperature
B = Bandwidth of the System (Hz)
k = Boltzmann Constant
NOISE CALCULATION
II. NOISE VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
Vn = 4 TBKRn
where:
Vn = Noise Voltage
Rn= Load Resistance
NOISE CALCULATION
II. NOISE VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
a. Series Combination
b. Parallel Combination
in = 2 B I q
where:
in = rms Noise Current
I = dc Current
B = Bandwidth
q = Charge of Electron
EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the spectrum noise density and
thermal noise power for a certain
communication system with an IF bandwidth of
10.7 MHz.
2. An amplifier operating over a 5 MHz bandwidth
has a 100 input resistance. It is operating at
27C, has a voltage gain of 200 and an input
signal of 6Vrms. Calculate the output rms noise
(ECE BOARD EXAM NOV 2004)
EXAMPLES
3. For an electronic device operating at a
temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of
10kHz, determine (a) thermal noise power in
watts and dBm (b) rms noise voltage for a
100 internal resistance.