Osteology I

Axial Skeleton
Anatomy-Histology Department
Faculty of Medicine
University of Muhammadiyah-Malang
Bony Skeleton
206 bones
Exclusiveof sutural
and sesamoid bones

Two divisions
Axialskeleton
(80 bones)
Appendicular skeleton
(126 bones)
Division of the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
Skull (Cranium)
22 Bones
6 Ear ossicles
Hyoid (os hyoideus)
Only unarticulated bone Appendicular Skeleton
Supports larynx (126 bones)
Attachment for muscles of Upper Extremities and Pectoral
larynx, pharynx and tongue Girdle (Extremitas Cranialis et
Vertebrae (ossa vertebralis) Cingulum Extremitas Cranialis)
26 Bones 64 Bones
Sternum (os sternum) Lower Extremities and Pelvic
Ribs (ossa costae) Girdle (Extremitas Caudalis et
24 Bones Cingulum Extremitas Caudalis)
62 Bones
Axial Skeleton
FUNCTION
As a framework
Supports and Protects organs in
body cavities and special sense
organs for taste, smell, hearing,
balance and sight
Adjust posture of head, neck and
trunk
Perform respiratory movement
Stabilize the appendicular
skeleton
 Axial Skeleton
STRUCTURE
1. Skull / Cranium (22 bones) and 6 auditory ossicles
A. Neurocranium (8 bones)
Frontal bone (1)
Parietal bones (2)
Occipital bone (1)
Temporal bones (2)

Sphenoid bone (1)

Ethmoid bone (1)

Frontal Bone
Forehead and roof of the orbits
Superior portion of nose
Frontal suture unity the frontal bones
Forntal and Orbital parts
Supraorbital margin
Thickening of frontal bone to
support and protect eye ball
Superciliary arch
Support the eyebrows
Glabella
Flat area between eyebrows
Frontal sinuses
Form bed of mucus which
humidifies air
Traps particulates
 Parietal Bones
Make most of the superior and
lateral walls of the skull
Parietal eminences create the
widest part of cranium
Superior and inferior temporal line
the temporalis muscles
Sutures
Saggital suture
between both parietal bones
Coronal Suture
Anterior
Lamboidal Suture
Posterior
Area where hair is removed to
replace hair loss.
Squamosal Suture
Connected with temporal bone
 Occipital Bone
Occipital condyles
Lateral to foramen magnum
Connected with atlas
First cervical vertebra
Foramen magnum
Large, oval opening
Allows communication between
cranial cavity and spinal canal
External occipital protuberance
Prominent tubercle (bump)
Posterior to foramen magnum
Self donor area for hair
replacement
Temporal Bone

Squamous Partj
Lateral walls form zygomatic
arches
Convex irregular borders
Squamous suture
Petrous (rock) Portion
Pyramid shaped/base of skull
Ear ossicles (6 bones)
Malleus (2)
Incus (2)
Stapes (2)
Carotid Canal
Passage for a. carotis interna
Temporal Bone

Mastoid portion
Air sinuses
Communicates with middle ear
Attachment for muscle that
rotate the head
Important Features
Mandibular fossa
Inferior surface articulation
External auditory meatus
Ends at tympanic membrane
Zygomatic process
The zygomatic process of the
temporal bone articulates with
the temporal process of the
zygomatic bone
Sphenoid Bone

Definition
A compound bone with
wing like processes,
situated at the base of the
skull
The Sella Turcica (Turkish
saddle) in which sits the
pituitary gland.
bony box in the middle of
the head
had support in front and
back
Spenoidal sinuses
Contained within the body
of the bone
Separated from each other
by a septum
 Ethmoid Bone

Location
Anterior part of the base of the
cranium
Between the two orbits
At the roof of the nose
Cribiform plate
Roof of nasal cavity
Crista galli
Resemblance to a cocks comb
Attachment point of meninges
Floor of the cranium
Roof of the nasal cavity
Perpendicular plate
Forming the septum of the nose
(along with vomer)
Deflected a little to one or other side
Ethmoidal sinus
Open to nasal cavity on each side
 Important Points
Calvaria
Skull Cap
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Basis cranii
Fossa cranii anterior
Fossa cranii media
Fossa cranii posterior
 The Orbital and Nasal Complexes
Bony cavities in the skull contains eyes
Nasal complex includes nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses
 B. Viscerocranium / Splanchnocranium
Form face bones Lacrimal bones (2)
Form medial surface of orbital
cavities
Has a lacrimal sulcus
Lacrimal sac

Nasolacrimal duct

Zygomatic (mallar) bones (2)

Form prominence of check
Temporal processes
Nasal bones (2)
Support the superior portion of
bridge of nose
 Viscerocranium
Vomer
Thin quadrangular
bone
Forms posterior
inferior portion of the
nasal septum
Common to be out of
side
 Viscerocranium

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)

Located on each side of
the nasal septum
Create turbulence in the
inspired air
To increase epithelial
surface area
To warm and humidify
inhaled air
 Viscerocranium

Maxillae (2)
Palatine processes
Form floor of nose and roof of mouth
Alveolar processes
Tooth sockets
Maxillary sinus
Largest sinuses in the skull
Lighten the portion of the maxillae
superior to the teeth
It is intimately related to the upper
teeth, tear duct, and the floor of the
orbital cavity.
Flush interior surfaces of nasal
cavities
http://www.sinusinfocenter.com/sinus_anatomy.html
American Academy of Otolaryngology
 Viscerocranium

Palatine Processes
Small
L-shaped bones
Form floor of orbit
Both palatine processes
form most of the hard
palate
Palatine Bones (2)
Posterior portion of hard
palate
 Viscerocranium
Mandible
Forms the entire lower jaw
Body
Anterior part (horizontal)
Alveolar process
Contains the alveoli and the roots
of the teeth
Mental protuberance
Chin
Angle
Each ramus meets the body at the
mandibular angle
Ramus (ramu = branch)
Ascending part
Begins at the angle
2. Hyoid Bone

Inferior to the skull

No direct contact with any other bone
Serves as attachment for several
muscles concerned with movements
of the tongue and larynx
Body (midpiece)
Greater Horns
Help suppport the larynx
Base for muscles that move the
tongue
Lesser Horns
Connected to styloyoid ligaments
3. Vertebral Column Vertebral column
26 bones
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacrum 1 (5 fused)
Coccyx 1 (3-5
fused)
Provides support for
head, neck and trunk
Transfers weight to
appendicular skeleton
Protects spinal cord
Spinal Curves
Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve
 The anatomy structure of os vertebrae

The Vertebral Body (Corpus vertebralis)

separated by intervertebral discs
anterior of vertebral foramen
The Vertebral Arch (Arcus vertebralis)
Lateral and posterior margins of vertebral foramen
Pedicles arise posterolateral margins of the body
Laminae on either side extend dorsomedially
Processuss :
Spinous process projects posteriorly from
the midline as the fusion of laminae
Transverse process project dorsolaterally
where the laminae joint the pedicles
Articular process arise at the junction
between laminae and pedicles, spreading as
superior and inferior articular process to join
the vertebrae osseus
Cervical Vertebrae
Smallest of vertebrae
From occipital bone to thorax
(form concave curvature)
Only vertebrae with costal
processes,transverse foramina
and bifid spinous processes
Long spinous process

Atlas (V. C1)

Does not have a body
(corpus vertebrae)
Articulates with occipital
condyles
Permits nodding (yes) but
prevents twisting
 Axis (V. C2)
No inter vertebral disk
between C1 and C2
Permits turning of head
(side-to-side no)
Dens epistopheus

V. C7
Resembles thoracic
vertebrae
Long spinous process
Thoracic Vertebrae

Posterior to rib cage

Form Convex Curvature
Body have a heart shape
Long spinous process
(posterocaudal)
Articulate with ribs
(except T11 and T12)
 Lumbar Vertebrae
Largest vertebrae
Form concave curvature
Oval shaped body
No articular facets
Lumbar vertebrae bear
the most weight
Injuries occur most
often in this region
Blunt spinous process
with broad tip (points
posteriorly)
Sacrum Coccyx
Five fused vertebrae Tailbone
(puberty)
Fusion of 35 small
Form convex curvature vertebrae (late 20s)
Attach axial skeleton to
Attachment for ligaments
pelvic girdle
and muscles that
Protects Vital Organs
constrict anus
Reproductive
Digestive Males - points anteriorly
Excretory Females - points inferiorly
4. Sternum and Costae

A. Sternum (Os sternum)

Anterior midline of thoracic wall
Manubrium (manubrium sterni)
Attaches clavicles and first pair of ribs
Widest most superior part of sternum
Body (corpus sterni)
Attaches ribs 2 - 7
Xiphoid process (processus
xyphoideus)
Attachment for diaphragm and rectus
abdominis muscles
 24 bones
B. Ribs (Ossa Costae) Curved flat bones
Protect and support
thoracic viscera
True Ribs (1 7)
Vertebrosternal ribs
Costal cartilage
False Ribs (8 10)
Vertebrocondral
Fuse with rib pair #7
Floating Ribs (11, 12)
Attached only to vertebrae
 Structure of
ribs / costae

Ossa costae, consist of

Capitulum costae
Collum costae
Corpus costae
SELAMAT BELAJAR

Created on september, 24th 2006