Biometric Iris Recognition System

STUDENT NAME
FACULTY ADVISOR
DENNIS KIPKORIR LANGAT MR. FREDREICK MTHENGI
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF
REG NO: EB1/12054/13 COMPUTER SCIENCE
 Contents
Overview of biometrics
Introduction
Iris Recognition systems
Four simple steps to follow
Architecture
Working of iris technology
1. Image Acquisition
2. Preprocessing
Iris Localization
Edge Detection
3. Image Analysis
4. Image Recognition
Recording of Identities
Pattern Matching
Advantages of iris technology
Disadvantages of iris technology
Applications of iris Recognition
system
Real Life Applications
Comparison Of Iris Recognition
With Other Biometrics
Conclusion
References
 Overview of biometrics
Biometrics is the science of measuring physical or anatomical
characteristics of individuals.
It performs automatic identification of a person based on his/her
physiological characteristics.
Among the features measured are face, fingerprints, handwriting, iris,
retinal, vein, and voice. Biometric technologies are becoming the
foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and
personal verification solutions.
Of all the biometric devices and scanners available today, it is generally
conceded that iris recognition is the most accurate. The automated
method of iris recognition is relatively young, existing in patent since only
1994.
 Introduction
Iris is the area of the eye where the pigmented or
colored circle, usually brown, blue, rings the dark pupil
of the eye.
It is the colored portion of the eye that regulates the
size of the pupil.
Has unique complex and random patterns which can
be seen from some distance.
Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric
identification that uses mathematical pattern-
recognition techniques on the images of the irides of an
individual's eyes, whose complex random patterns are
unique and can be seen from some distance.
 Iris Recognition systems
Iris recognition is fast developing to be a full
proof and fast identification technique that can
be administered cost effectively. It is a classic
biometrics application that is in an advanced
stage of research all over the world.
Iris cameras perform recognition detection of
a persons identity by mathematical analysis of
the random patterns that are visible within the
iris of an eye from some distance. It combines
computer vision, pattern recognition, statistical
inference and optics.
 FOUR SIMPLE STEPS TO FOLLOW
A person stands in front of the iris identification system, between one or
three feet away, while a wide angle camera calculates the position of their
eye.
A second camera zooms in on the eye and takes a black and white image.
Once the iris is in focus, it overlays a circular grid on the image of the iris
and identifies the light and dark areas, like an eye print.
To prevent a fake eye from being used to fool system, these devices may
vary the light shine into the eye and watch for pupil dilation.
Architecture
Working of iris technology
The iris identification program may be divided into four main functional
blocks:
1. Image Acquisition.

2. Preprocessing.

3. Image Analysis.

4. Image Recognition.
 Image Acquisition
To acquire images with sufficient resolution and sharpness to support recognition.
Good contrast and high illumination.
Optics and Camera:
Human heads are on the order of 15 cm wide.
In case of a portal, we needed a capture volume width on the order of 2030 cm.
More than 200 pixels or more across the iris- Good quality.
Of 150200 pixels across the iris Acceptable quality
Of 100150 pixels to be of- Marginal quality.
Camera Distance up to 3 meters.
High Quality Image, Daughmans Algorithm expect minimum 640X480.
Preprocessing
The acquired image always not only useful parts (IRIS), but also some
irrelevant parts e.g. eyelid, pupil .
Preprocessing removes the effect of spots/holes lying on the pupillary area.
The Preprocessing module first transforms the true colour into intensity
image
So the preprocessing is composed of two steps:
1. Iris Localization
2. Edge Detection
 Iris Localization
Iris localization by definition means to isolate the actual iris region
in a digital eye image by detecting the inner and outer boundary of
the iris.
Both the inner boundary and the outer boundary of a typical iris can be
taken as circles.
But the two circles are usually not co-centric.
The inner boundary between the pupil and the iris is detected.
The outer boundary of the iris is more difficult to detect because of the
low contrast between the two sides of the boundary.
The outer boundary is detected by maximizing changes of the perimeter-
normalized along the circle.
 Edge Detection

It is used to find complex object boundaries by marking potential edge

point corresponding to places in an image where rapid change in
brightness occurs.

In other words, edge is defined by the discontinuity in gray values. An edge

separates two distinct objects.
Image Analysis
The features of the iris are then
analyzed and digitized into a 512
byte (4096 bits) Iris Code record.

In this iris code half of the

describes the features and
another half of the describes the
control the comparison process.
 Image Recognition
Iris code record is stored in the database for future comparison.

During a recognition attempt, when an iris is presented at a recognition

point, the same process is repeated ; however the resulting Iris Code
record is not stored but is compared to every file in the database.
Recording of Identities
The Process Overview:
 Pattern Matching
This step generates a match score by comparing the feature sets of two iris images
On e of the technique for comparing iris-codes is to use hamming distance, which is
the number of corresponding bits that differ between two iris codes. The iris pattern is
different for every person(even the identical twins dont have the same iris pattern)
The produced code matches the encoded features stored in the database.
 Advantages of iris technology
Uniqueness of iris patterns hence improved accuracy.
Highly protected, internal organ of the eye.
Stability : Persistence of iris patterns.
Non-invasive : Relatively easy to be acquired.
Unique - the probability of two rises producing the same code is nearly
impossible.
Flexible - iris recognition technology easily integrates into existing security
systems or operates as a standalone
Patterns apparently stable throughout life.
Reliable - a distinctive iris pattern is not susceptible to theft, loss or
compromise
 Disadvantages of iris technology
Small target (1 cm) to acquire from a distance (1m)
Alcohol consumption causes deformation in Iris pattern
Illumination should not be visible or bright
Obscured by eyelashes, lenses, reflections
It will be difficult to capture an image of handicap people sitting on wheel
chair because the cameras are usually attached on the wall and capture an
image up to a certain height.
The iris recognition systems are much costlier than other biometric
technologies.
If a person is wearing glasses or facing direct sunlight for quite a while, than it
may affect the authentication.
Civil rights activist have voiced their concerns.
Applications of iris Recognition system
Computer login: the iris as a living password.
National border controls: the iris as a living passport.
Driving licenses and personal certificates.
Internet security, control of access to privileged information.
Premises access control (Home, Office, Laboratory).
Anti-terrorism (e.g. security screening at airports)
Financial Transactions (electronic commerce and banking).
Secure accesses to bank cash machine accounts.
Credit-card authentication.
Automobile ignition and unlocking; anti-theft devices
 Real Life Applications:
Aadhaar India's Unique ID project for
its one billion citizens uses Iris scan as
one of the identification features.
United Arab Emirates uses it in border
patrol.
Permits passport free immigration in
several countries like Netherlands,
Canada, US.
Google uses iris scanners to control
access to their datacenters.
Comparison Of Iris Recognition With
Other Biometrics
Accurate
Stability
Fast
Scalable
IRIS RECOGNITION VS RETINAL
Retinal scan is based on the blood vessels pattern in the retina of the eye.
The error rate for retinal scanning is 1:10,000,000 compared to the iris
recognition error rate of 1:131,000.
People wearing glasses must remove them for a retinal scan. For iris
recognition, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) tests found that
glasses can make enrolment more difficult, but they can remain in place
for verification without causing difficulty
 IRIS RECOGNITION VS. FACIAL
Facial recognition is the identification of person by their facial image.
Lighting, age, glasses, and head/face coverings all impact false reject rates
in facial recognition whereas iris recognition poses no difficulty in enrolling
people that wear glasses or contact lenses.
Face recognition has Privacy concerns: people do not always know when
their picture/image is being taken and being searched in a database or
worse, being enrolled in a database whereas in Iris Recognition subjects
agree to enroll and participate, reducing privacy concerns.
Iris recognition is more reliable than facial recognition
IRIS RECOGNITION VS. FINGER PRINTS
The patterns of friction ridges and valley on an individuals fingertips are
unique to that person even for identical twin
Based on occupation, trauma or disease, individual fingerprints may be
obscured, damaged or changed meaning some people may need to enroll
multiple times over the course of their lives. Fingerprint readability also
may be affected by the work an individual does.
fingerprint is not as accurate as iris recognition. Fingerprint false accept
rate varies by Vendor, and is approximately 1 in 100,000. Whereas Iris
recognition false accept rate is 1 in 1.2 million statistically
Iris recognition can perform 1: all matches in a high speed environment,
whereas fingerprint searches take much longer, may require filtering, and
may return multiple candidate matches
IRIS RECOGNITION VS. HAND GEOMETRY
Hand Geometry is based on the fact that nearly all the persons hand is
shaped differently and that the shape of the persons hand doesnt change
after certain age.
Hand size and geometry changes over time, especially in the very young
and the very old whereas the iris itself is stable throughout a persons life
People are reluctant to place hand where many others have touched so
hygiene is another issue with hand geometry, whereas in iris recognition
there is no physical contact of person with camera
Extreme size are not accommodated in all hand readers.
 Comparison
MisIdentific
Coded Pattern Security Applications
Method --ation rate

Iris pattern 1/1,200,00 High high-security

Iris
0

Fingerprint fingerprints Medium

1/1,000 Universal

voice Voice
1/30 Low Telephone service
characteristics
Shape of letters, writing
Signature Low Low-security
Order, pen pressure 1/100

Outline, shape &

Face distribution of eyes, nose 1/100 Low Low-security

size, length, & thickness

Palm 1/700 Low Low-security
hands
 Conclusion
The applications of iris recognition are rapidly growing in the field of
security, due to its high rate of accuracy. This technology has the potential
to take over all other security techniques, as it provides a hands-free, rapid
and reliable identification process.
Iris recognition has proven to be a very useful and versatile security
measure.
It is a quick and accurate way of identifying an individual with no chance
for human error.
Iris recognition is widely used in the transportation industry and can have
many applications in other fields where security is necessary.
Iris recognition will prove to be a widely used security measure in the
future.
 References
http://findbiometrics.com/solutions/iris-scanners-recognition/
http://www.irisid.com/irisrecognitiontechnology
http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=iris+
recognition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition#History