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Amplifiers
Definitions
In small-signal amplifiers the main factors are:
Amplification
Linearity
Gain
Efficiency
Maximum power capability
Impedance matching to the output device
2
Amplifier Types
Class A
The amplifier conducts through the full 360 of the input. The Q-point is
set near the middle of the load line.
3
Power Gain
Besides voltage gain, any amplifier has a power
gain, defined as:
Pi (dc) VCC I CC RL
I CC I CQ I 1
v in R2
I CC I CQ ( I CQ I 1 ) RE
Pi ( dc ) VCC I CQ
Note that this equation is valid for most amplifier power analyses. We can rewrite for the
above equation for the ideal amplifier as
Pi (dc) 2VCEQ I CQ
9
Amplifier Efficiency
A figure of merit for the power amplifier is its efficiency, .
Efficiency ( ) of an amplifier is defined as the ratio of ac
output power (power delivered to load) to dc input power .
By formula :
ac output power Po (ac)
100% 100%
dc input power Pi (dc)
As we will see, certain amplifier configurations have much
higher efficiency ratings than others.
This is primary consideration when deciding which type of
power amplifier to use for a specific application.
10
AC Output Power
AC output (or load) power, Po(ac) ic
2 vo
vo ( rms)
Po (ac) ic ( rms) vo ( rms)
RL vin vce
rC RC//RL
C
NPN
B
E
1.4 V
E
B
PNP
C
Amplifier Types
Class C
The amplifier conducts less than 180 of the input. The Q-point is located
below the cutoff level.
Class D
This is an amplifier that is biased especially for digital signals.
19
Class C amplifier
VCC
Tank circuit
C
B The transistor is
CC E off for most of
RB the input cycle
and the conduction
VBB angle is small.
PWM Signal
Input Signal
PWM LPF