CHAPTER 2 : ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Prepared by : Nurul Ain Bt Amran

LecturePLUS Timberlake 1
1. The structure of atoms
Nucleus
- Tiny region in the center of atoms
- Made up by nucleon : Protons and neutrons

Electrons
- Particles outside of nucleus
- Move around region space = orbitals
(electron shells or energy levels)
Nucleon : proton (+ve) and neutron (neutral)

NUCLEUS

+ N
-
N +
-

-
ELECTRON
ELECTRON SHELL
(-ve)
2. Mass and charged of subatomic Particles

Particle Symbol Charge Relative

Mass

Electron e -1 1/1836

Proton p +1 1

Neutron n 0 1

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Location of Subatomic Particles

electrons

protons
nucleus
neutrons

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 Atomic structure
An atom consists of a small
central nucleus composed
of protons and neutrons
surrounded by electrons.

An atom will always have

the same number of
electrons as protons.
A Lithium atom

protons
neutrons
electrons
3. Proton number and Nucleon Number

The proton number, Z

(atomic number)of an atom is
the number of protons in its
nucleus.

protons = 3
The nucleon number, A neutrons = 4
(mass number)of an atom is electrons = 3
number of protons plus
neutrons in its nucleus.
This Lithium atom has:
Proton number/ atomic number = 3
Nucleon number/ mass number = 7
Nucleon number = Number of protons + number of neutrons

Example: An atom Aluminium

has a nucleon number of 27 and a proton number of 13. What
is the neutrons number of Al atom?

Number of neutrons = Nucleon number - Number of protons

= A -Z
= 27-13
= 14 neutrons of Al atom
Learning check.
State the number of protons for atoms of
each of the following:
A. Nitrogen
1) 5 protons 2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur
1) 32 protons 2) 16 protons 3) 6 protons
C. Barium
1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons 3) 56 protons
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 Atomic Symbols
Show the mass number and atomic number
Give the symbol of the element

mass number(nucleon number)

23 Na sodium-23
atomic number 11
(proton number)
In neutral atom: number of electrons = number of protons
In ions :number of electrons = number of protons
16 31 65 18 40
O P Zn O2- K+
8 15 30 8 19
8p 15 p+ 30 p+ 8 p+ 19p+
8n 16 n 35 n 10 n 21n
8 e- 15 e- 30 e- 10 e- 18 e-

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4. Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same
number of protons but different nucleon number.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same

number of protons but different number of neutrons
The three isotopes of hydrogen neutrons

hydrogen 1 hydrogen 2 hydrogen 3

(deuterium) (tritium)

Isptopic symbols 1H 2H 3H

1 1 1
Note: The number after hydrogen is the mass number of the isotope.
 Nuclear notation
An isotope of carbon consists of 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
This can be written as:

carbon 14 Number of protons

PLUS neutrons
(Mass number)
OR:
14 Chemical
Number of protons
(Atomic number)
6
C symbol
 Question 1
An isotope of uranium (chemical symbol U)
consists of 92 protons and 143 neutrons. Give
the two different ways of notating this isotope.

The mass number of the Uranium isotope:

= 92 + 143 = 235

235
uranium 235 AND
92
U
 Question 2
Determine the number of protons and neutrons in
the isotopes notated below:

(a) 13 protons = 7 (b) 60 p = 27

N neutrons = 6 Co n = 33
7 27

(c) 197 p = 79 (d) 239 p = 94

Au n = 118 Pu n = 145
79 94
Note: Apart from the smallest atoms, most nuclei
have more neutrons than protons.
 Learning Check
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three
isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of
these carbon atoms.
12C 13C 14C
6 6 6
#p _______ _______ _______
#n _______ _______ _______
#e _______ _______ _______
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 Solution
12C 13C 14C
6 6 6

#p 6 6 6

#n 6 7 8

#e 6 6 6

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 Learning Check
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.
A. Number of protons in the zinc atom
1) 30 2) 35 3) 65

B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom

1) 30 2) 35 3) 65

C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope

with 37 neutrons?
1) 37 2) 65
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3) 67 18
 Solution
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.
A. Number of protons in the zinc atom
1) 30
B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom
2) 35

C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope

with 37 neutrons?
3) 67
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 Learning Check

Write the atomic symbols for atoms with

the following:

A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- ___________

B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- ___________

C. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e- ___________
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 Solution

16O

A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- 8

B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- 37Cl

17

C. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e- 107Ag
47

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Deduce the behaviour of beams of protons,
neutrons and electrons in electric field

From the behaviour of p,n and e in electric

field we can deduce the electric charge of
that particle (carry out exp)

Use A cathode-ray tube to produce

beams of electrons
 Deflection by electric fields
- - - - Electrons easily to deflated
towards the positively
charged plates, since unlike
charged attract . Show us
electrons have a negative
charge
-proton deflated away from
positively charged plate,
+ + + since like charges repel so
Electric field produced by the proton must have a
positively and negatively positive charge.
charged plates
- A beam of neutrons is not
deflated this is because they
uncharged.
Deflection of cathode rays by electric fields VIDEO
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
Atoms consist of a very small _______,
nucleus containing protons
and neutrons, surrounded by _______.
electrons Atoms of the same
element will always have the same number of _______
protons but
different ________
isotopes of the same element will have different
numbers of _________.
neutrons

WORD SELECTION:
alpha protons electrons isotopes
beta nucleus neutrons radioactive
Thank you
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