AMBO UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Ambo, Ethiopia

A paper review on : Netted radar: Network communications design and

optimisation
Published By Stephen Hurley , M. Imran Khan

BY DE JE N E TE CH A NE

7/30/17
Outline

Objective of the paper

Overview of radar system

Problem definition and proposed solution

Simulation methodology

Simulation results

Critiques and future work

Citation and bibliography

The Major Objective of the paper

To exploit the directionality of the beam of phased arrays for

the design of the network and the communication protocols of
the network.

To present a model whereby the radar beam itself is used in

the formation of a multi-hop network.

To design a network topology using an evolutionary

optimisation algorithm based upon the concept of Pareto
optimality.
Overview of radar system

The word radar is an acronym derived from the words

Radio Detection And Ranging.

It refers to the technique of using radio waves to detect the

presence of objects in the atmosphere.

It was designed shortly before World War II (1940) by the

United States Navy.

Its primary purpose was to detect the presence of aircraft.

Contd..

Today, radar is used for a wide array of applications such

as

spacecraft, guided missiles, terrestrial traffic control,

radar astronomy,

air defense systems, aircraft anti-collision system,

marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships,

ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance etc.

Contd

What is netted radar?

Is called Multisite radar system

It contains multiple spatially diverse monostatic radar

or

bistatic radar components with shared area of

coverage.
 Phased array radar

Is a group of antennas whose

effective(summed) radiation pattern
can be altered by phasing the
signals of the individual elements

Is an electronically scanned array

an array of antennas which creates

a beam of radio waves
Contd

Phased arrays were first used in military radar systems to

scan the radar beam quickly across the sky to detect
planes and missiles.

Now widely used, and spreading to civilian applications

such as

medical ultrasound imaging scanners,

oil and gas prospecting, and

military sonar systems.
Related Work

[1] describes the performance of netted radar in terms of

sensitivity and ambiguity function and

develops a set of software tools to assess netted radar
sensitivity and ambiguity properties in two and three
dimensions.

[2] Consider network topology management and design for

large phased array antennas with large ranges.
Contd...

[3] briefly mentions on combining the radar and

communications functions using the radar beam itself.

This paper were presented the combination by proposing
a system of receive sensors based on ad-hoc network.
Problem Definition

In this paper, the researcher have been presented

each radar sensor (node) generate information which

requires transmission to the central authority or to the
main location that is able to evaluate the information.

So, the sensor node requires a communications

network to allow a transmission of information to and
from a node.
 Contd...

each radar node is limited by range and degree and

relies on the formation of a multi-hop network to facilitate
transmissions of information.

Solution: to enhance the communication system of phased
array radar sensor

Designed a network topology based upon an
evolutionary optimization algorithm
Communication models

Some descriptions of
communication models

The radar node: Simulates

the basic operations of a
radar based on the
proximity to a target.
 Contd..

Radar node subsystem: shows the message

processing and associated simulator subsystems
of the radar node.
 Contd..

Radar communication and operation: each radar node is made up

of four phased arrays which each cover 900

 Contd...

The radar can have up-to two communication links per face(LPF).

This requires the time-slots to alternative between the different nodes. If

node 1 sends messages to both nodes 2 and 3 on the same face, then the
communication time is divided.
 METHODOLOGY

Used radar network simulation methodology

Network design methodology

Optimization metrics- to measure the performance of the
designed network

Optimization algorithm based on a genetic algorithm

specifically the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm

a well established concept in multiple objective optimization
used to compare different solutions under multiple objectives
 Simulation environment

Radar network simulation is used to simulate the interaction

between the radar network and potential target

of radar-to-radar communication in the radar network

Commander :- is positioned at a single radar node

somewhere in the network

receive all messages generated by the nodes in respond to
the target
 Contd...

The simulator generates communication messages based on

the proximity of a target

As targets travel through the network, each node attached to

the network detects targets within their range

and sends the relevant messages to the commander node.
 Contd...

The radars are placed in a simulated environment using a

geographic information system (GIS)

to enable the accurate modeling of spatial characteristics
such as distance, elevation, terrain and lines-of-sight.

Line of sight are calculated using GIS ArcGIS based on the

three criteria

Radar range

Node height

Inference/propagation
 Numerical simulations and Results

The researcher has been obtained the results based on the

following criteria

o
Used 2 links( one link per face)

o
Used 32 radars( pseudo-randomly placing)

o
On 28 X 28 km region with flat terrain

o
Thirty test networks are constructed based on the
optimization algorithm.
 Numerical Simulations and Results

In each experiment the optimised network is evaluated for

simulation performance

o
Calculated the average message delay

o
The time threshold, is 500 ms, used to evaluate the
average message delay.

o
The message size is 148 bits(for each node).
 Numerical Simulations and Results

A total of 960(30 x 32) individual simulation runs over all 30

experiments.

To keep results consistent the targets are fired

simultaneously and at equal separation of 2km

o
The straight line speed of all targets is set to 250 m/s

o
The maximum number of expected targets per 5km x
5km is five (i.e a 28km x 28km grid would have a
maximum of 14 targets)
 Results -2 links per face

In the 2 links per face :

It produces more robust networks with higher ST-
connectivity values.

increased network design and requirements
 Results -1 link per face

In 1 link per face:

produces better simulation performance

reduces the effect of swapping timeslot

reduced cost of network connectivity and network
resilience

but the connectivity due to the reduction in links is also
reduced
 Critiques

Strength:

The objective of the paper is properly stated

Properly achieved their objective

Clear and precise

Weakness:

used much smaller radars over small geographical areas.

some abbreviated terms are not defined

 Future work

The researcher suggested that the current optimization algorithm is

centralized in nature

it assumes global information in the network design process,

decentralized algorithm is desirable to access local information

The current model assumes a fixed time-slot(i.e 10ms) for

communication - it would be instructive to allow variable time-slots

My recommendation:

Decentralized based evolutionary algorithm approach is better
approach to exploit the communication of radar networks
 Citation

[1] Y. Teng, C. Baker, K. Woodbridge, Evaluation of netted radar

performance, in: 3rd EMRS DTC Technical Conference, 2006

[2] G. Pei, D. Lofquist, R. Lin, J. Erickson, Network topology management

for mobile ad-hoc networks with directional links, in: MILCOM
Proceedings, 2002, pp. 14761480.

[3] D. Giuli, F. Cuccoli, G. Gentili, D. Erricolo, Ad-hoc receive sensors

aimed at enhancing multistatic radar operation for surveillance of limited
critical areas, in: International Conference on Electromagnetics in
Advanced Applications, 2007, pp. 476479.
 Bibilography

https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Optimization_algorithms_and_methods

http://www.njaudubon.org/SectionOases/Whatisradar.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistatic_radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_optimization