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Presentation

Roll# 87-93
Submitted to: engr. Nazakat Hussain
Department of civil engineering must
Date:10-07-2017
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Earthquake Hazards

A seismic hazard is the probability that

an earthquake will occur in a given geographic area,
within a given window of time, and with ground
motion intensity exceeding a given threshold.

dangerous consequences which happens after

earthquake are termed as earthquake hazards.
Hazard in Terms of 4

Probability
Earthquake ground shaking varies from place to place. The
hazard depends on the:
Magnitudes and locations of likely earthquakes
How often they occur
The properties of the rocks and sediments that earthquake
waves travel through.
The probabilities more likely to produce useful design ground
motions would be near 5 percent in 50 years.
Calculations for determining seismic hazard were first
formulated by Carl Allin Cornel in 1968
Hazard maps 5

The National Hazard Maps show the distribution of

earthquake shaking levels that have a certain probability of
occurring. These maps are created to provide the most
accurate and detailed information possible to assist
engineers in designing buildings, bridges, highways, and
utilities that will withstand shaking from earthquakes. These
maps are used to create and update the building codes that
are now used by more than 20,000 cities, counties, and local
governments to help establish construction requirements
necessary to preserve public safety.
2. Hazards In Terms of 6

Damages
There are many types of this hazard.
The type of hazard depends on
The strength of seismic activity etc.
Ground Shaking 7

If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking intensity,

structures like buildings, bridges and dams can be severely
damaged, and cliffs and sloping ground destabilised.
Perched or stacked objects may fall and injure or bury
anyone close by.
In the largest earthquakes whole districts can be devastated
by the multiple consequences of ground shaking.
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Tsunami
Tsunamis are long wavelength oceanic waves generated by
the sudden displacement of seawater by a shallow
earthquake, volcanic eruption or submarine landslide.
A number of waves may be produced and they can travel
long distances at high speeds to flood far-off shores.
The height of a tsunami varies and may be affected by the
sea floor depth and shape, and other factors.
Large earthquakes may generate tsunami waves in enclosed
water bodies such as lakes.
Landslides and Rockfalls 9

Ground shaking due to earthquakes destabilises

cliffs and steep slopes, causing landslides and
rock falls as a significant side-effect.
Heavy rain and unconsolidated or fractured rock
are exacerbating factors.
Subsidence and Lateral Spreading 10

This may be due to downward vertical displacement on one

side of a fault, and can sometimes affect a huge area of land.
Coastal areas can become permanently flooded as a result.
Subsidence can also occur as ground shaking causes loose
sediments to settle and to lose their load bearing strength.
Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to
move downhill, causing cracks to open up, that are often
seen along hill crests and river banks.
Liquefaction 11

Liquefaction occurs when waterlogged sediments are

agitated by seismic shaking. This separates the grains from
each other, reducing their load bearing capacity. Buildings
and other structures can sink down into the ground or tilt
over.
When the vibrations stop the sediments settle down again,
squeezing groundwater out of fissures and holes in the
ground to cause flooding.
Earthquake Intensity is what you feel
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Magnitude More energy released by larger earthquake
Distance Shaking decreases with distance
Geology Local geology can amplify the shaking
Building style Strength and building design
Duration of shaking Increases with earthquake magnitude
 Liquefaction experiment
What happens to a structure built on a weak
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foundation when an earthquake strikes?

Photos: Lily Rodriguez

From website below
Niigata, Japan 1964
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Discussion: Why is building damage selective?
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Building design:
If the resonant frequency of a building is equal to the frequency of ground
oscillation, then damage or collapse is likely.
Earthquakes dont kill people. Buildings that
collapse during earthquakes kill people. 15

During earthquakes, buildings experience vertical AND

horizontal accelerations. NOT a simple problem to engineer
earthquake resistance .. BUT can be done.
 Earthquake Hazard 16

Preparedness (Time Scale Based)

Long Term Planning (Years)
In this instance the State is in a unique position to greatly impact the safety of
many people with a reasonable increase in the cost. The development of
seismic building codes and enforcing their use in construction of new private
homes, utilities such as power lines, and State buildings such as hospitals and
schools have the potential to save many lives and prevent financial losses in a
disaster.
 Earthquake Hazard 17

Current Structures
As part of developing a seismically prepared urban environment, existing
structures are also in need of attention. The State should study the
sustainability and retrofit of existing structures such as schools, hospitals,
and lifelines. Retrofitting is a cost effective method of earthquake risk
mitigation. The government should also encourage private building
owners to upgrade and retrofit their structures with incentives such as tax
breaks.
 Earthquake Hazard 18

Public Awareness
It is essential that the population is aware of and understands the
basics of earthquake hazards: Schools and the media should be the
focus of this education effort.
 Earthquake Hazard 19

Community/State
Disaster Response/Recovery Planning
Public Education
Maintaining Readiness/Response Capabilities
Communications
 Earthquake Hazard 20

Preparing the Home

One of the most significant financial costs of an earthquake is from non-

structural damage, most of which can be prevented. Individuals should
inspect their home for potential hazards and manage them. Large objects
such as dressers, light fixtures, and loose objects on shelves should all be
secured to something solid such as a wall.
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THANK YOU