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Why is it an important subject in Environmental
Engineering?
(jellies, , polymeric
solutions, paraffin)
What is Fluid Mechanics?
Science that describes physical actions and effects given by the forces
applied to the fluids in motion or no motion.
force force
time time
Mass, force, weight
Mass - a property of physical objects that measures the amount of
matter they contain, the property of a body that causes it to have
weight in a gravitational field. Constant anywhere in space. (g, kg, slug,
lbm)
100kgf 1/5
?
What is the weight of a pound mass (lbm) on the earths surface, where the
acceleration due to gravity is 32.2 ft/s 2, and on the moons surface, where
the acceleration is 5.31 ft/s 2?
Basic fluid properties
Mass density (, , ) = m/vol. kg/m 3, lbm(or slug)/ft3
Elasticity () compressibility ()
Bulk modulus of elasticity (, Ev) ~N/m 2
= -dP/(dV/V) = dP/(d /)
dV : dynamic/absolute viscosity (/ )
dy (=/): kinematic viscosity ()
Viscosity of gases vs. liquids
Driving forces for viscosity molecular cohesive force (), molecular momentum exchange
( )
For liquids
= Ceb/T
Where, C, b: empirical constants
Class quiz)
Aboard (1m 1m, 25N weight) slides down an inclined ramp (slope=20 o) with a velocity of 2
cm/s. The board is separated from the ramp by a thin film of oil with a viscosity of
0.05Ns/m 2. Calculate the spacing between the board and ramp. (Neglect edge effects)
Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian fluids
Bingham ,
Shear-thinning (psedoplastic) ,
(),
Shear-thickening (dilatent) , ,
Surface tension
When a liquid is in contact with different phases (e.g., gas, solids), liquid molecules at the
surface exert tension on adjacent surface due to their greater attraction btw. the
molecules at the surface than those below the surface (cohesive force, >
adhesive force, ). interfacial tension (surface tension, : liquid-gas contact)
Defined as tension force per unit length - of water at room temp.= 0.073 N/m
1/temp
The surface tension is typically ignored in most cases, but it must be taken into account in
very small scale flow (gas/liquid droplets present, small scale models, etc.)
How to measure? capillary rise technique, ring tensiometer (Du Nouy ring method, etc.)
Capillary rise technique
Capillary tube (d < 1 cm)
Typically,=0o for water and clean glass
At equilibrium, F, z = W
h = 4 cos / gd
Contact angle ()
determines wetting/non-wetting phases
~ f (cohesive, adhesive forces)
glass glass
adhesive btw. liquid/solid > cohesive btw. liquid molecules adhesive btw. liquid/solid < cohesive btw. liquid molecules
Vapor pressure (Pv, )
The pressure at which a liquid boils
Pv temp
Ex) water boils at 100oC (212oF) and 1 atm (14.7 psia) and also boils at
10oC (50 oF) and 0.178 psia.
Pressure? dF/dA
Gravity? W=gV
Pn=Px=Py=Pz
Pascal law
Apressure change produced at one point in a closed system is transmitted throughout the
entire system. (p 1 = p 2 = p 3 = . = p n)
dp
g
dz
Pressures are constant along a horizontal path, but vary along a vertical path (gravity
direction).
Ex 3.3) Ex 3.4)
Compressible fluids ()
Assumption ideal gas
= p/RT
, g = pg/RT
Pressure variation = f (z, temp)
In troposphere ()
temp with elevation
T = T0 - (z-z0)
In stratosphere ()
constant temp with elevation
Pressure gage
1. Manometer
Differential
manometer (
)
2. Bourden-tube gage
Class quiz)
50 oF .
1 piezometric pressure piezometric head ?
Hydrostatic forces ()
Forces given by the hydrostatic pressure (, ) applied on a submerged plate in
a no-motion fluid
Note)
The first moment of area ( 1 ) =
ydA y A
A
The second moment of area ( 2 )=
y dA I y A
2 2
Find the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on one side of the submerged vertical
plate given below and also find the location of the center of pressure.
Integrating pressure force along the curved surface
Easier way use free-body diagram () and consider force equilibrium in
vertical/horizontal directions
Fh FAC
Fv FBC W
F Fh Fv
2 2
Fv
tan 1
Fh
Class quiz)
1) Submerged body
FB = Fup - Fdown = g(Vb+ V a) - gV
a = gV b = gV D
where, V
a: vol.ABCEF ,
V b: vol. of the body,
V D: displaced volume ()
2) Floating body
0
FB = Fup - Fdown = gVD (Fdown = P atoms.A= 0)
Archimedes principle
1.
.
2.
.
Apparent weight ( ) of a body in a fluid
T T + FB = W
Apparent weight, T = W FB
W FB (g body g fluid )Vbody
Hydrometer ()
60N 1 N
? ( .)
1.03 10% .
?
20g 6mm ,
6cm . ?
Class quiz)
The woodblock (505010 mm) has a specific gravity S1 = 0.3 and the volume of the metal
part is 6600 mm 3. Mass of the metal part and the tension T of the cord?
Free-body diagram