Application of Materials

Part II, Engineering materials

Structural strength

Strenth of
Stiffness Reliability Lifetime
Materials
Strength of materials
Properties determined at tensile/compression
tests
N

mm2
Fmax
Rm
FeH
FeL Rp0,2

0
Jvpikenemine
Permanent elongation L, mm
Total elongation A
Kogupikenemine At
Criteria for materials selection
plastic materials yield strength (yield limit)
Re, Rp (Rec, Rpc)
brittle materials strength limit Rm (Rmc), Rm/

Classification of materials (Re, Rp0,2)

low strength < 250 N/mm2
medium strength 250...750 N/mm2
high strength 750...1500 N/mm2
super high strength > 1500 N/mm2
 Stress concentration
F F

m ax

m
m

R
t
max 2 m
R
t

F F
 Stiffness
Stiffness D = Ex K(geometric characteristic of cross-
section)
At tension K = S (cross-section area)
At bending K = I (moment of inertia) I = bh3/3
Modulus of elasticity
Normaal-
Normal Nihke-
Shear Maht-
Volume

E=tg G=tg K=tg

E= G= K=

E G=3/8E K=E
Modulus of elasticity
Material E, N/mm2 x 109
Diamond 1000
WC 450-650
SiC 500
Al2O3 390
TiC 380
Mo & Mo-alloys 320-360
Co & Co-alloys 200-250
Ni & Ni-alloys 130-230
Steels 190-210
Cast irons 170-190
Cu & Cu-alloys 120-150
Ti & Ti-alloys 80-130
Zn & Zn-alloys 45-90
Al & Al-alloys 70-80
Sn & Sn-alloys 40-50
Graphite 30
Pb & Pb-alloys 15
Plastics 1-5
Rubbers 0,01-0,1
PVC 0,003-0,01
 Reliability (1)
Toughness notch impact energy KU or KV, J
fracture toughness KC, N/mm2 m1/2
KU KU
100

pinna %%
fracture
50

Kiulise
Ductile
0
TDBT
T KHL T TDBT T
TKHL TDBT
KHL T T50 T
55 10

2
T KU, KV cold brittleness
R 0.25

10
TDBT ductile-to-brittle transition 45
55 10

R 1.0

10

5
Reliability (2)
Influence of C, ordinary and alloying elements to KU
C
TDBT
T KHL KU 0,01% C
60
0,1% C
0,2% C
40
0,4% C
20 0,6% C

-20
o
0,01 0,03 0,05 %C -100 0 +100 +200 TTDBT
KHL, C

P N S
KU KU TDBT
T KHL
norm
normal elelteras
steel 600 0,1% C
0,03% P N=0%
400 0,2% C
klmdef
cold worked N = 0,1 %
0,03% P 0,3% C
toomas 200
klmdef
cold worked teras
0,12% P 0
N = 0,01 %
-100
-40 0 40 80 TKHL
DBT,oCC -60 -40 -20 0 +20 TKHL
DBT ,oCC 0,02 0,04 0,06 %S

50
V Si
 0,12% P N = 0,01 %
-100
o o
-40 0 40 80 TKHL, C -60 -40 -20 0 +20 TKHL, C 0,02 0,04 0,06

Reliability (3)
50

T ,CT50, C
V Si

0
transition
50
Klmhapruslvi Cr

-50
Ductile-to-brittle

-100

-150

Mn Ni
-200
0 2 4 6 8
% of alloying
Legeerivate elements
elementide %
 Dependence of M toughness of
Reliability (4) A-grain size
KU,
A U, JJ
Dependence of KU/KV on temperature
15,4
Purustust
KU, KV

14,0
low strength
Madaltugev
12,6

11,2

9,8

8,.4

Krgtugev
high strength 7,0

5,6

4,2

2,8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grain no.
Tera nr.
Temperatuur
T
Fine and coarse grain steels
a b
T, C T, C
1200 1200

1100 1100
1
A 2
1000 1000
Acm
900
A3
900 1 killed steel
A+T
800 800 2 rimmed steel
A+F AC1
A1
700 700 dA
F F+T
600 600
0 0,5 1,0 1,5 C% dP d
Influence of microalloying elements
140
120
2 2
mm V
Vanaadium
100
ferrite,
size oftera,

80
Ferriidi

60 Ti
Titaan
40
Grain

Nb
Nioobium
20
0
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12
Alloying elementide
Legeerivate elements, % %
Plane strain fracture toughness K1c

At tension K1c
b
F

Coefficient of stress intensity

K max max a [MPam1/2]

F
Relationship between K1c and yield
strength
Superplastic

Fracture toughness K1c, MPa m1/2

steels
Material K1C, MPa
m1/2
WC (E)
TiC 6 (680) Low-
SiC 4 (440) alloyed
highly Maraging
Al2O3 3 (420)
tempered steels
SiO2 3 (320) steels
Steels 0,7 (100)
Precipitation
-low carbon 54
hardened
-maraging 110-175 stainless
steels

Yield strength, MPa

Life time (1)
R (R = min/max)
Fatigue -1 symmetric loading
a b

Pingeepr

N1 N2 N3 107 N
F

Impactors: Steels N = 107

- surface roughness Nonferrous alloys N = 108
- stress state
- stress concentrations
Life time (2)
Material Rp0,2, -1,
N/mm2 N/mm2
Plain carbon 275 240
steel 475 340
-strain 1700 700
hardened 275 100
-annealed 110 80
Alloyed steel 900 500
Al-alloys 450 150
-wrought alloys
-cast alloys
Ti-alloys
Cu-alloys
Life time (3)

Creep = f(, T, t)
low temperature T/Tm < 0.5

high temperature T/Tm > 0.5

Impactors
structure

alloying (super creep alloys)

750
1.0 / 1000
TMT
Corrosion

Modes of corrosion
in dry gases
Chemical
in organic liquids

in water containing environments

Electrochemical
in melt electrolytes

Biochemical
Types of corrosion
Types of corrosion:
a uniform
a b c b nonuniform
c selective
d spotted
e pitting
d e f
f dotted
g under surface
h intercrystal
i - stress
g h i
a - htlane, b - ebahtlane, c - valikuline, d - laiguline,
e - rugeline, f - tpiline, g - pinnaalune, h - kristallidevaheline,
i - pinge korrosioon
Chemical corrosion of metals (1)

2 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO
2 Fe + 3 O2 = Fe2O3
For protection Voxide > Vmetal
Kui Voxide/Vmetal > 1 Cd, Al, Ti, Zr, Zn, Ni, Cr, Fe
At high Voks / Vmet (1,22,0) cracking
High temperature corrosion
T 1000 C oxide layer electroconductive
Chemical corrosion of metals (2)
Corrosion influencing parameters
structure

surface treatment materials parameters

internal stresses

gas composition
velocity environmental parameters
heating parameters
Chemical corrosion of metals (3)

Protection
alloying (F
oxide Foxide , rion rion
all. el base metal all. el. base metal
)
coatings

protective atmosphere (at heat treatment) (H2 +

N2 + H2O; CO + CO2 + N2; etc.)

Electrochemical corrosion of metals (1)
Moisture + H2S, Co2, Normal potential Galvanic series

So2, NaCl
E, V Normal condition Sea water
-2,37 Mg Mg
electrolyte -1,66 Al Zn

metals galvanic pair -1,63

-1,18
Ti
Mn
Cd
Al
soft steel
-0,76 Zn Pb
-0,74 Cr Sn
Ni
-0,44 Fe brass
-0,40 Cd Cu
-0,25 Ni monel (Ni alloy
-0,14 Sn Cr-steel (13% Cr)
0,13 Pb Ti
+0,34 Cu Cr
+0,80 Ag Ag
+1,20 Pt Au
+1,50 Au Pt
Electrochemical corrosion of metals (2)

Microgalvanic pairs at steels

Atmosphere

Moisture
film

Metal
Electrochemical corrosion of metals (3)
Protection (1)
Selection of materials
Table: Allowed contacts of metals

Group
I II III IV V
Mg Al Fe Ni Ti
Zn plain Cr Cu-Ni
carbon alloy
steel
Cd Pb Stainless Cu-Zn
steel alloy
Sn Cr-steel Cu
Ag, Au
Protection (2)
Protective coatings
- metallic (less active metals (Cu, Ni, Sn, Ag) up
to coating must be undamage; active (Zn, Co)
protection up to end)
- paints, lubricants
other
- cathodic protection
- protector protection
- anodic protection
- corrosion inhibitors (high molecular matters)
Wear

Modes of wear

Mechanical Corrosive-mechanical Adhesive

-abrasion -oxidizing wear
-erosion -fretting corrosive wear
-cavitation
-fatigue wear
Method for wear protection

hardening, thermo-chemical treatment

overwelding
surface alloying
coating (chemical, thermo-chemical, thermally
sprayed, PVD, CVD, mechanical)
selection of pairs (by adhesion)
 Wear testing methods
a b c d Description
F F Sliding friction with or
F F
I 1
2 3 without a lubrication

F F
II 4
1

5 F Abrasive wear
5 5 6
III
F 3 8 6
3

F F
Rolling friction with or
IV
7 without a lubrication
1

I, II - libisev hrdumine mrimisega vi ilma;

III - abrasiivne kulumine;
Material groups

Metals

Cermets
MCM Ceramics
CCM
Glass-ceramics
Composites GCCM
PCM FRG
Polymers Glass

MCM Metal composite materials

CCM Ceramic composite material
PCM Polymeric composite material
GCCM Glass-ceramic composite material
FRG Fiber-reinforced glass
Specific strength of materials (1)
Material group Rm Rm/
kg/m3 N/mm2 up to
Metals and alloys Cast irons 7800 150800 10
Plain carbon 7800 3201000 13
steels 7800 4601650 21
Alloy steels 2700 150500 18
Al-alloys 8900 230700 8
Cu-alloys 4500 3001450 32
Ti-alloys 1750 150335 20
Mg-alloys
Plastics

PVC 1350 1025

PE 950 2040 8
PC 1050 3580
Fiberglass 1250 3090
plastic EP 1250 80170 14
.
PC
Specific strength of materials (2)
Material group Rm Rm/
kg/m3 N/mm2 up to
Cera- Al2O3 3980 300400 10
mics TiO2 4240 70170 4
3Al2O3 2SiO2 3160 110190 6
SiC (-modif.) 3220 450800 25
Si3N4 3170 5001000 22
Compo Al-B (30%) 2700 80
-sites Al-B (50%) 110 4
Fiberglass plastic EP 1250 3090
EC 80170 14
Carbon-Carbon
composite 35 (2000C)
3-directions 5 (3000C)
Wood Pine 550 II 89
Oak 690 II 97 17
Basic physical and mechanical
properties of construction materials (1)
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers
2-6 2-17
Density,
(average. (average. 1-2
kg/m3 x 10-3
8) 5)
Low.
High. High
TS, C Low
Sn232, 4000
W3400
Hardness Average High Low
Workability Good Poor Good
Tensile
strength Rm, 2500 400 120
MPa
Compressive
strength Rmc, 2500 5000 350
MPa
Basic physical and mechanical
properties of construction materials (2)
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers
Modulus of
40 400 150 450 0,001 3,5
elasticity, E GPa
Creep resistance
at high Poor Outstanding -
temperatures
Thermal Average Low
Very high
expansion High Average
Average
Thermal (mostly
Average Very high
conductivity lowers then
t )
Electrical
Conductors Isolators Isolators
properties
Chemical Low Good in
Outstanding
inertness average general
Thank you for attention

priit.kulu@ttu.ee