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Terbitan Separa

(Partial Derivatives)
Fungsi Dua Pembolehubah
Fungsi Terbitan Separa
Petua rantai
Aplikasi Terbitan Separa dalam
masalah Maksimum dan minimum
CLO
Menentukan graf fungsi dan pembezaan
fungsi terbitan separa serta aplikasinya
dalam masalah maksimum dan minimum
Perbincangan;
o Tatanda fungsi 2 p.u
o Domain fungsi 2 p.u
o Graphs fungsi 2 p.u
Introduction
Functions of Two Variables
Consider a function with two inputs and one
output 7 5

Two independent
variables f (x, y)

One dependant 43
variable

z = f ( x, y )
Example Examples of problems with two variables.

a. A company produces two products, A and B.


The joint cost function (in RM) is given by:
C f ( x, y) 0.07 x 2 75x 85 y 6000
b. Country workshop manufactures both
furnished and unfurnished furniture for home.
The estimated quantities demanded each
week of its desks in the finished and
unfinished version are x and y units when the
corresponding unit prices are p 200 0.2x 0.1y
q 160 0.2x 0.25y

respectively.

Partial Derivatives: Application


Tatanda Fungsi 2 p.u

Previously we have studied functions of one variable, y = f(x) in


which x was the independent variable and y was the dependent
variable. We are going to expand the idea of functions to include
functions with more than one independent variable. For example,
consider the functions below:

f x, y 2 x 2 y 2
Hopefully you can see the notation for functions of several
variables is similar to the notation youve used with single variable
functions.

z f x, y 2 x 2 y 2

The function z = f(x, y) is a function of two variables. It has


independent variables x and y, and the dependent variable z.
Definition :
A function of two variables is a rule f that
assigns to each ordered pair (x,y)
in a set D a unique number z = f (x,y).
The set D is called the domain of the
function, and the corresponding values
of z = f (x,y) constitute the range of f .

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When finding values of the several variable functions instead of
just substituting in an x-value, we will substitute in values for each
of the independent variables:

For example, using the function f on the previous slide, we will


evaluate the function f(x, y) for (2, 3) , (4, -3) and (5, y).

f x , y 2x 2 y 2

f 2,3 2 22 32 2 4 9 17

f 4,3 2 42 3 2 16 9 41
2

f 5, y 2 52 y 2 2 25 y 2 50 y 2
Example
Let f be the function defined by
f ( x, y ) 3 x y 2 y .
2 3

Find f (0,3) and f (2, 1).

f (0,3) 3 0 (3) 2 3
2 3

25
f (2, 1) 3 2 (1) 2 1
2 3

15

Function of Two Variables


Example
Let f be the function defined by
x
f ( x ,y )
x y 3
Find f ( 2,3 ),f ( 3,2 )

2
f ( 2,3 ) 1
2 3 3
3 3
f ( 3,2 )
3 2 3 2

Function of Two Variables


Graphs of Functions of 2 Variables

As you learned in 2-dimensional space the graph of a function can be


helpful to your understanding of the function. The graph gives an
illustration or visual representation of all the solutions to the
equation. We also want to use this tool with functions of two
variables.

The graph of a function of two variables, z = f(x, y), is the set of


ordered triples, (x, y, z) for which the ordered pair, (x, y) is in the
domain.

*The graph of z = f(x, y) is a surface in 3-dimensional space.


Graphs of Functions of Two Variables
Three-dimensional coordinate system: (x, y, z)

Ex. Plot (2, 5, 4)


z

4
2 y
5

Function of Two Variables


For example, for the two-variable functions f and g:

f g x , y f x , y g x , y

f g x , y f x , y g x , y

f f x , y
x , y , Provided g x , y 0
g
g x , y
Domain Fungsi 2 p.u
Unless the domain is given, assume the domain is the
set of all points for which the equation is defined.
For example, consider the functions
1
f x , y 3x y
2 2
and g x , y
xy

The domain of f(x,y) is the entire xy-plane. Every


ordered pair in the xy-plane will produce a real value for
f.
The domain of g(x, y) is the set of all points (x, y) in the
xy-plane such that the product xy is greater than 0.
This would be all the points in the first quadrant and
the third quadrant.
EXAMPLE
1
Find the domain of the function: f x , y 25 x 2 y 2

Solution: The domain of f(x, y) is the set of all points that satisfy the
inequality:

25 x y 0
2 2 or 25 x 2 y 2

You may recognize that this is similar to the equation of a circle and
the inequality implies that any ordered pair on the circle or inside
the circle x y 25 is in the domain.
2 2

y
The highlighted area is the
domain to f.
x
EXAMPLE
2

Find the domains and range of the following functions


and evaluate f at the given points.
x y 1
a) f x, y ;
x 1
Eva1uate f 3, 2


Answer : D x, y x y 1 0, x 1 , f 3, 2
2
6

z f x, y , range is z z
xy
b) f x, y ;
x 2y
Eva1uate f 2,3 , f 2,1
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EXAMPLE
3 Find the domain of the function:
h x , y lnxy

Solution:
We know the argument of the natural log must be
greater than zero.

So, x y 0

This occurs in quadrant I and quadrant III. The domain is


highlighted below. Note the x-axis and the y-axis are
NOT in the domain. y

x
As you have done before when sketching a surface in 3-dimensions
it may be helpful for you to use the traces in each coordinate plane.

1. The trace in the xy-plane, z = 0, is the equation:

0 25 x 2 y 2 or x 2 y 2 25 The circle centered at the


origin with radius 5 in the xy-
plane.

2. The trace in the yz-plane, x = 0, is the equation:


The circle centered at the
z 25 y 2 or y 2 z 2 25 origin with radius 5 in the yz-
plane.

3. The trace in the xz-plane, y = 0, is the equation:


The circle centered at the
z 25 x 2
or x z 25
2 2
origin with radius 5 in the xz-
plane.
Along with sketching the traces in each coordinate plane, it may
be helpful to sketch traces in planes parallel to the coordinate
planes.

4. Let z = 3: 3 25 x 2 y 2 or x 2 y 2 16

So on the plane z = 3, parallel to the xy-plane, the trace is a circle


centered at (0,0,3) with radius 4.

5. Let z = 4: 4 25 x 2 y 2 or x 2 y 2 9

So on the plane z = 4, parallel to the xy-plane, the trace is a circle


centered at (0,0,4) with radius 3.
Here is a SKETCH with the three traces in the coordinate planes
and the additional two traces in planes parallel to the xy-plane.

Keep in mind that this is just a sketch. It is giving you a rough


idea of what the function looks like. It may also be helpful to use
a 3-dimensional graphing utility to get a better picture.

z=4

z=3
Here is a graph of the function using the 3-dimensional
graphing utility DPGraph.
z

x
EXAMPLE
4
Sketch the surface: z 9x2 y2

Solution: The domain is the entire xy-plane and the range is z 9 .

1. The trace in the xy-plane, z = 0, is the equation:

x2 y2 9 Circle

2. The trace in the yz-plane, x = 0, is the equation:

z y 2 9 Parabola

3. The trace in the xz-plane, y = 0, is the equation:

z x 2 9 Parabola
Solution to Example 4 Continued:

Traces parallel to the xy-plane include the following two.

4. The trace in the plane, z = 5, is the equation:

5 9x2 y2
or
Circle centered at (0, 0, 5) with
x2 y2 4 radius 2.

5. The trace in the plane, z = -7, is the equation:

7 9x2 y2
or
Circle centered at (0, 0, -7) with
x y 16
2 2
radius 4.
Here is a sketch of the traces in z
each coordinate plane.
This paraboloid extends below the
xy-plane.

z y 2 9

z x 2 9

x2 y2 9

x
Heres a graph of the surface using DPGraph.
Level Curves

In the previous two examples, traces in the coordinate


planes and traces parallel to the xy-plane were used to
sketch the function of two variables as a surface in the
3-dimensional coordinate system.

When the traces parallel to the xy-plane or in other


words, the traces found when z or f(x,y) is set equal to a
constant, are drawn in the xy-plane, the traces are called
level curves. When several level curves, also called
contour lines, are drawn together in the xy-plane the
image is called a contour map.
Example 5: Sketch a contour map of the function in Example 4,
z f x , y 25 x 2 y 2 using the level curves at c = 5,4,3,2,1 and 0.

Solution: c = a means the curve when z has a value of a.

c 5: 5 25 x 2 y 2 x2 y 2 0 Point at 0,0

c 4: 4 25 x 2 y 2 x2 y 2 9 Circle with r 3

c 3: 3 25 x 2 y 2 x2 y 2 16 Circle with r 4

c 2: 2 25 x 2 y 2 x2 y 2 21 Circle with r 21

c 1: 1 25 x 2 y 2 x2 y 2 24 Circle with r 24

c 0: 0 25 x 2 y 2 x2 y 2 25 Circle with r 5
Solution to Example 5 Continued: Contour map with point (0, 0) for c
= 5 and then circles expanding out from the center for the remaining
values of c.

Note: The values of c were


uniformly spaced, but the level
curves are not.

When the level curves are


spaced far apart (in the center),
there is a gradual change in the
function values.

When the level curves are close


together (near c = 5), there is a
steep change in the function
values.
Example 6: Sketch a contour map of the function,z f x , y x 2y
2 2

using the level curves at c = 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8.

Solution: Set the function equal to each constant.

c 0 : 0 x 2 2y 2 Point at 0,0

x2 y2
c 2: 2 x 2
2y 2
Ellipse: 1
2 1

x2 y2
c 4: 4 x 2
2y 2
Ellipse: 1
4 2

x2 y2
c 6: 6 x 2
2y 2
Ellipse: 1
6 3

x2 y2
c 8 : 8 x 2 2y 2 Ellipse: 1
8 4
Solution to Example 6 Continued: Contour map with point (0, 0) for c
= 0 and then ellipses expanding out from the center for the
remaining values of c.
Example 6 Continued:

Here is a graph of the surface z f x , y x 2y .


2 2
Note:

1. Sketching functions of two variables in 3-dimensions is


challenging and will take quite a bit of practice. Using the
traces and level curves can be extremely beneficial.

In the beginning, using 3-dimensional graphing utility will help


you visualize the surfaces and see how the traces and level
curves relate.

2. The idea of a level curve can be extended to functions of


three variables. If w = g(x, y, z) is a function of three
variables and k is a constant, then g(x, y, z) = k is considered a
level surface of the function g. Though we may be able to
draw the level surface, we still cannot draw the function g in 4
dimensions.

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