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Concrete
Fine Aggregate
Sand and/or
crushed stone
Aggregates for
Concrete
Coarse Aggregate
Gravel and
crushed stone
5 mm (0.2 in.)
typically between
9.5 and 37.5 mm
(3/8 and 1 in.)
Aggregates for
Concrete
Rock and Mineral
Constituents in Aggregates
1. Minerals
2. Igneous rocks
3. Metamorphic rocks
4. Sedimentary rocks
Aggregates for
Concrete
Rock and Mineral
Constituents in Aggregates
1. Minerals
Silica
Quartz, Opal
Silicates
Feldspar, Clay
Carbonate
Calcite, Dolomite
Aggregates for
Concrete
Rock and Mineral
Constituents in Aggregates
1. Minerals
Sulfate
Gypsum, Anhydrite
Iron sulfide
Pyrite, Marcasite
Iron oxide
Magnetite, Hematite
Aggregates for
Concrete
Rock and Mineral
Constituents in Aggregates
2. Igneous rocks
Granite Pegmatite
Syenite Volcanic
Diorite glass
Gabbro Felsite
Peridotite Basalt
Aggregates for
Concrete
Rock and Mineral
Constituents in Aggregates
3. Sedimentary rocks
Conglomerate
Sandstone
Claystone, siltstone,
argillite, and shale
Carbonates
Chert
Aggregates for
Concrete
Rock and Mineral
Constituents in Aggregates
4. Metamorphic rocks
Marble Amphibolite
Metaquartzite Hornfels
Slate Gneiss
Phyllite Serpentinite
Schist
Aggregates for
Concrete
Normal-Weight Aggregate
ASTM C 33
Expanded
Shale
Clay
Slate
Slag
Aggregates for
Concrete
Grading of Aggregate
Grading is the particle-size distribution
of an aggregate as determined by a
sieve analysis using wire mesh sieves
with square openings.
ASTM C 33
Aggregates for
Concrete
Fine-Aggregate Grading Limits
Sieve size Percent passing by mass
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 to 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80 to 100
1.18 mm (No. 16) 50 to 85
600 m (No. 30) 25 to 60
300 m (No. 50) 5 to 30 (AASHTO 10 to 30)
150 m (No. 100) 0 to 10 (AASHTO 2 to 10)
Aggregates for
Concrete
Maximum Size vs. Nominal
Maximum Size of Aggregate
Maximum size is the smallest
sieve that all of a particular
aggregate must pass through.
Nominal maximum size is the
standard sieve opening
immediately smaller than the
smallest through which all of the
aggregate must pass.
The nominal maximum-size sieve
Aggregates for may retain 5% to 15%
Concrete
Nominal Maximum Size of
Aggregate
Size should not exceed
Aggregates for
Concrete
Coarse Aggregate Grading
Size No. 57
25 to 4.75 mm [1 in. to No. 4]
Percent passing
Sieve size
by mass
37.5 mm (1 in.) 100
25.0 mm (1 in.) 95 to 100
12.5 mm ( in.) 25 to 60
4.75 mm (No. 4) 0 to 10
2.36 mm (No. 8) 0 to 5
Aggregates for
Concrete
Grading Limits
Aggregates for
Concrete
Reduction of Voids
Aggregates for
Concrete
Dispersion of Aggregates
Aggregates for
Concrete
Fineness Modulus (FM)
Obtained by adding the sum of the
cumulative percentages by mass of a
sample aggregate retained on each
of a specified series of sieves and
dividing the sum by 100.
The specified sieves are: 150 m
(No. 100), 300 m (No. 50), 600 m
(No. 30), 1.18 mm (No. 16), 2.36 mm
(No. 8), 4.75 mm (No. 4), 9.5 mm
(3/8 in.), 19.0 mm (3/4 in.), 37.5 mm
(1 in.), 75 mm (3 in.), and 150 mm
(6 in.).
Aggregates for
Concrete
Sieve Analysis and FM of Sand
Percentage of Percentage Cumulative
individual fraction passing, percentage re-
Sieve size retained, by mass by mass tained, by mass
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 0 100 0
4.75 mm (No. 4) 2 98 2
2.36 mm (No. 8) 13 85 15
1.18 mm (No. 16) 20 65 35
600 m (No. 30) 20 45 55
300 m (No. 50) 24 21 79
150 m (No. 100) 18 3 97
Pan 3 0
Total 100 283
Aggregates for Fineness modulus = 283 100 = 2.83
Concrete
Maximum Aggregate Size
and Water Requirement
Aggregates for
Concrete
Maximum Aggregate Size
and Cement Requirement
Aggregates for
Concrete
Combined Aggregate Grading
Aggregates for
Concrete
Videograder
Aggregates for
Concrete
Moisture Conditions
Aggregates for
Concrete
Bulking of Sand
Aggregates for
Concrete
Aggregates for
Concrete
D-Cracking
Aggregates for
Concrete
Drying Shrinkage
Aggregates for
Concrete
Harmful Materials (1)
Substances Effect on concrete Test designation
Affects setting and ASTM C 40 (AASHTO T 21)
Organic
hardening, may
impurities ASTM C 87 (AASHTO T 71)
cause deterioration
Materials finer Affects bond,
than the 75-m increases water ASTM C 117 (AASHTO T 11)
(No. 200) sieve requirement
Coal, lignite, or Affects durability,
other lightweight may cause stains ASTM C 123 (AASHTO T 113)
materials and popouts
Soft particles Affects durability ASTM C 235
Aggregates for
Concrete
Harmful Materials (2)
Substances Effect on concrete Test designation
Clay lumps and Affects workability
friable and durability, may ASTM C 142 (AASHTO T 112)
particles cause popouts
Chert of less ASTM C 123 (AASHTO T 113)
Affects durability,
than 2.40
may cause popouts ASTM C 295
relative density
Causes abnormal ASTM C 227,
Alkali-reactive expansion, map C 289, C 295,
aggregates cracking, and C 342, C 586
popouts C 1260, C 1293 (AASHTO T 303)
Aggregates for
Concrete
Harmful Reactive Substances
Alkali-carbonate
Alkali-silica reactive substances reactive substances
Andesites Glassy or Quartzoses Calcitic dolomites
Argillites crypto- Cherts Dolomitic limestones
Certain crystalline Rhyolites Fine-grained dolomites
siliceous volcanics
Schists
limestones Granite gneiss
Siliceous shales
and dolomites Graywackes
Strained quartz
Chalcedonic Metagray- and certain other
cherts wackes forms of quartz
Chalcedony Opal Synthetic and
Cristobalite Opaline shales natural silicious
Dacites Phylites glass
Quartzites Tridymite
Aggregates for
Concrete
Popouts
Aggregates for
Concrete
Iron Particles in Aggregates
Aggregates for
Concrete
Alkali- Aggregate
Reactivity ( AAR )
is a reaction between the active
mineral constituents of some
aggregates and the sodium and
potassium alkali hydroxides and
calcium hydroxide in the concrete.
Aggregates for
Concrete
Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)
Visual Symptoms
Network of cracks
Relative displacements
Aggregates for
Concrete
Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)
Visual Symptoms (cont.)
Fragments breaking out of
the surface (popouts)
Mechanism
1. Alkali hydroxide + reactive
silica gel reaction
product (alkali-silica gel)
2. Gel reaction product +
moisture expansion
Aggregates for
Concrete
Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)
Influencing Factors
Reactive forms of silica
in the aggregate,
High-alkali (pH) pore
solution
Sufficient moisture
Lithium-based admixtures
Aggregates for
Concrete
Effect of Supplementary
Cementing Materials on ASR
Aggregates for
Concrete
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR)
Influencing factors
Clay content, or insoluble residue
content, in the range of 5% to 25%
Calcite-to-dolomite ratio of
approximately 1:1
Increase in the dolomite volume
Aggregates for
Concrete
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction
Test methods
Petrographic examination
(ASTM C 295)
Rock cylinder method (ASTM
C 586)
Concrete prism test (ASTM C
1105)
Aggregates for
Concrete
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction
Controlling ACR
Selective quarrying to avoid
reactive aggregate
Blend aggregate according to
Appendix in ASTM C 1105
Limit aggregate size to smallest
practical
Aggregates for
Concrete
Handling and Storing
Aggregates
Aggregates for
Concrete
Recycled-Concrete
Aggregate
Aggregates for
Concrete
Aggregates for
Concrete
Water Absorption
Aggregates for
Concrete
Videos 1/6
Aggregates for
Concrete
Videos 2/6
Aggregates for
Concrete
Videos 3/6
Aggregates for
Concrete
Videos 4/6
Aggregates for
Concrete
Videos 5/6
Absorption Beneficiation
Aggregates for
Concrete
Videos 6/6
Aggregates for
Concrete