Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune: King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Mechanical Engineering Department

ME 307
Machine
Design I
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune

King Fahd University of Petroleum
& Minerals
Mechanical Engineering
Department
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 1
ME 307
Machine
Design I
18-1 Introduction .922

18-2 Geometric Constraints .927
18-3 Strength Constraints .933
18-4 Strength Constraints Additional Methods .940
18-5 Shaft Materials .944
18-6 Hollow Shafts .944
18-7 Critical Speeds (Omitted) .945
18-8 Shaft Design .950
ME 307
Machine
Design I
18-1 Introduction .922

18-2 Geometric Constraints .927
18-3 Strength Constraints .933
ME 307
Machine
Design I 18-1 Introduction
In machinery, the general term shaft refers to a member,

usually of circular cross-section, which supports gears,
sprockets, wheels, rotors, etc., and which is subjected to
torsion and to transverse or axial loads acting singly or in
combination.
An axle is a non-rotating member that supports wheels,
pulleys, and carries no torque.
A spindle is a short shaft. Terms such as lineshaft,
headshaft, stub shaft, transmission shaft, countershaft, and
flexible shaft are names associated with special usage.
ME 307
Machine
Design I Considerations for Shaft
Design
1. Deflection and Rigidity
(a) Bending deflection
(b) Torsional deflection
(c) Slope at bearings and shaft supported elements
(d) Shear deflection due to transverse loading of shorter
shafts
2.Stress and Strength
(a) Static Strength
(b) Fatigue Strength
(c) Reliability
ME 307
Machine
Design I Considerations for Shaft
Design
The geometry of a shaft is that of a stepped cylinder bending.
Gears, bearings, and pulleys must always be accurately positioned
Common Torque Transfer Elements

Keys
Splines
Setscrews
Pins
Press or shrink fits
Tapered fits
ME 307
Machine
Design I Common Types of Shaft Keys.
ME 307
Machine
Design I Common Types of Shaft Keys.
ME 307
Machine
Design I Common Types of Shaft Pins.
ME 307
Machine
Design I Common Types of Shaft Pins.
ME 307
Machine
Design I Common Types of Retaining or Snap Rings.
ME 307
Machine
Design I Common Types of Splines.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
ME 307
Machine
Design I
ME 307
Machine
Design I Rigid Shaft Coupling.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Figure 18-2
(a)Choose a shaft configuration
to support and locate the two
gears and two bearings.
(b) Solution uses an integral
pinion, three shaft shoulders, key
and keyway, and sleeve. The
housing locates the bearings on
their outer rings and receives the
thrust loads.
(c) Choose fanshaft
configuration.
(d) Solution uses sleeve bearings,
a straight-through shaft, locating
collars, and setscrews for collars,
fan pulley, and fan itself. The fan
housing supports the sleeve
bearings.
ME 307
Machine
Design I 18-3 Strength Constraints
The design of a shaft involves the study of

1.Stress and strength analyses: Static and Fatigue
2.Deflection and rigidity
3.Critical Speed
ME 307
Machine
Design I Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
ME 307
Machine
The stress at an element located

on the surface of a solid round
shaft of diameter d subjected to
bending, axial loading, and twisting
is
32M 4 F
Normal stress sx = +
pd 3
pd2
16T
Shear stress t xy =
pd3
12
s x + s y s x - s y 2
2

Non-zero principal s A ,s B =
+ t xy
stresses 2 2

ME 307
Machine
2 1/2 2 1/2
s' =s A - s As B + s B

2
s x + 3t xy
=

2
Von Mises
stress 4 1/2
s ' = 3 ( 8M + Fd ) + 48T 2
2
pd
s A -sB 1 2
Maximum t max = = ( s x + 4t xy )
2 12
2 2
Shear Stress
2 1/2
( 8M + Fd ) + 64T 2
2
Theory t max = 3
pd
ME 307
Machine
Under many conditions, the axial force F in Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) is
either zero or so small that its effect may be neglected. With F = 0,
Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) become
Von Mises 16 2 1/2

s' = 34 M + 3T

2
(6-41)
stress pd
Maximum
16 2 1/2
Shear Stress t max = M +T

3
2
(6-42)
Theory pd
ME 307
Machine
Substitution of the allowable stresses from Eqs. 6-39 and 6-40 we find
1/3

16n
d = ( 4 M + 3T )
2 2 1/2
(6-43)
Von Mises p Sy

stress
1 16
n
=
p d Sy
3 ( 4 M + 3T )
2 2 1/2
(6-44)
1/3
32n
d = ( M +T )
2 2 1/2
(6-45)
Maximum p Sy
Shear Stress 1 32
Theory
=
n p d Sy
3 ( M +T )
2 2 1/2
(6-46)
ME 307
Machine
Design I Fatigue Strength
Bending, torsion, and axial stresses may be present in both

midrange and alternating components.
For analysis, it is simple enough to combine the different types of

stresses into alternating and midrange von Mises stresses, as shown
in Sec. 714, p. 361.
It is sometimes convenient to customize the equations specifically

for shaft applications.
Axial loads are usually comparatively very small at critical

locations where bending and torsion dominate, so they will be left
out of the following equations.
The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by
ME 307
Machine
Design I Fatigue Strength
The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by
where Mm and Ma are the midrange and alternating bending moments, Tm

and Ta are the midrange and alternating torques, and Kf and Kfs are the
fatigue stress concentration factors for bending and torsion, respectively.
Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate geometry
terms can be introduced for c, I, and J resulting in
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate geometry terms
can be introduced for c, I, and J resulting in
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Combining these stresses in accordance with the distortion energy failure

theory, the von Mises stresses for rotating round, solid shafts, neglecting axial
loads, are given by
ME 307
Machine
Design I
ME 307
Machine
Design I

Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune: King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Mechanical Engineering Department

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ME 307

Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune

18-1 Introduction .922

18-1 Introduction .922

In machinery, the general term shaft refers to a member,

Common Torque Transfer Elements

The design of a shaft involves the study of

The stress at an element located

Von Mises 16 2 1/2

Bending, torsion, and axial stresses may be present in both

For analysis, it is simple enough to combine the different types of

It is sometimes convenient to customize the equations specifically

Axial loads are usually comparatively very small at critical

The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by

The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by

where Mm and Ma are the midrange and alternating bending moments, Tm

Combining these stresses in accordance with the distortion energy failure

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