Linear Graphs and

Simultaneous Linear
Equations
 2.1 Horizontal and Vertical Lines
Equation of a Horizontal Line 1. What is the gradient of the
horizontal line?
y 2. There are 4 points on the line. The
coordinates of A and of C are
4
A(-4, 3) B C(0, 3) D given. Write down the coordinates
3 of B and of D.
2 3. What do you notice about the y-
1 coordinate of all the four points
x on the horizontal line?
O
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4. What do you think the equation of
the horizontal line is?
 The equation of a straight line is y = mx+c
Since the gradient m of a horizontal line is 0, the
c y=c
equation of a horizontal line is y = c
The y-coordinates of all the points on a
horizontal line are equal to c (a constant)
O
 y
Practise Now
4
(a) Write down the equation of each of
the given horizontal lines.
3
(b) In the graph, draw each of the lines
2
Line 1 with the following equations
1
x (i) y = 2
O
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 (ii) y = 0

-2 Describe the line

-3

-4 Line 2
Equation of a Vertical Line
y
3 P(2, 3) 1. What is the gradient of the vertical line?
2 Q
2. There are 4 points on the line. The
1 coordinates of P and of R are given. Write
R(2, 0) x down the coordinates of Q and of S.
O
-1
1 2 3 3. What do you notice about the x-coordinate
of all the four points on the vertical line?
-2
4. What do you think the equation of the
-3
vertical line is?
-4 S
 Since the gradient m of a vertical line is
x=a
undefined, we cannot write the equation of a
vertical line in the form y=mx +c. As the
coordinates of all the points on a vertical line are
equal to the ae constant value a, the equation of
a vertical line is x = a.
O a
 Practise Now
y
Line 2 4 Line 1 (a) Write down the equation of each of
the given vertical lines.
3
(b) In the graph, draw each of the lines
2
with the following equations
1
x (i) x = -3.5
O
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 (ii) x = 0

-2 Describe the line

-3

-4
 2.2 Graphs of Linear Equations in the form
ax + by =k
Worked Example 1
The variables x and y are connected by the equation 2x 3y=2. some values of
x and the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
x -2 -0.5 4
y -2 p 2
(a) Calculate the value of p
(b) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the
x-axis and 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of
2x 3y=2 for 2 4
(c) The point (1, q) lies on the graph in (b). Find the value of q
(d) (i) On the same axes in (b), draw the graph of y =1
(ii) State the x-coordinate of the point on the graph of 2x 3y = 2 that has
a y-coordinate of 1.
 Practise Now 1
The variables x and y are connected by the equation 3x + y =1. some values of
x and the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
x -2 0 2
y p 1 -5

a) Find the value of p

b) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 4 cm to represent 1 unit on the
x-axis and 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of
3x +y =1 for 2 2
(c) The point (-1, q) lies on the graph in (b). Find the value of q
(d) (i) On the same axes in (b), draw the graph of y =-0.5
(ii) State the x-coordinate of the point on the graph of 3x + y = 1 that has a
y-coordinate of -0.5.
 Classwork
Tb.p.45
Ex 2A No 1to 4
 2.3 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations
Using Graphical Method
Worked Example 2
Using the graphical method, solve the simultaneous equations
2 5 = 32
2 + 3 = 0
Solution:
2 5 = 32 2 + 3 = 0
x -4 1 6 x -3 0 3
y -8 -6 -4 y 2 0 -2
 y

10

(-3,2)
x
O
-10 -5 5 10
(3,-2)
(6,-4)
-5
(1,-6)
2x + 3y =0
(-4,-8)
2x 5y=32 -10
 Practise Now 2
1. Using the graphical method, solve the simultaneous equations
+ =3
3 + = 5
2. Using the graphical method, solve the simultaneous equations
7 2 + 11 = 0
6 + + 4 = 0
 Classwork
Tb.p.51
Ex 2B No 1(a); 2(a); 3(a); 4(a); 5(a)
 2.4 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations
Using Algebraic Methods
Elimination Method
The elimination method is usually used when the absolute values of the
coefficients of one variable in both the equations are the same.
Worked Example 3
Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations
3 + 7 = 17
3 6 = 4
Solution:
Check:
3 + 7 = 17 ...............(1) 1
Substitute = 3 and y =1 into (1) and (2):
3 6 = 4 ..........(2) 3
1
In (1), LHS = 3(3 )+7(1)
13 = 13 3
=1 = 17
= RHS
Substitute y = 1 into (1): 1
3 + 7 = 17 In (2), LHS = 3(3 ) 6(1)
3
3 + 7(1) = 17 =4
3 = 10 = RHS
1 1
=3 Since = 3 and y =1 satisfies both
3 3
1
The solution is = 3 and y =1. equations, it is the solution of the
3 simultaneous equations.
 Practise Now 3
1. Using the elimination method, solve each of the following pairs of
simultaneous equations.
(a) = 3 (b) 7 + 2 = 19
4 + = 17 7 + 8 = 13
(c) 13 + 9 = 4 (d) 4 5 = 17
17 9 = 26 5 = 8
2. Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations
3 + 14 = 0,
2 + + 1 = 0.
It is sometimes necessary to manipulate one of the equations before we can
eliminate a variable by addition or subtraction.
Worked Example 4
Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations
3 + 2 = 8
4 = 7 Substitute x = 2 into (2):
4 = 7
Solution:
4 2 =7
3 + 2 = 8 ..................... (1) 1
=1
4 = 7 . (2) 2
The solution is = 2 and y = 1
3 + 2 = 8
8 2 = 14 +
11 = 22
=2
 Practise Now 4
Using the elimination method, solve each of the following pairs of
simultaneous equations.
(a) 2 + 3 = 18 (b) 4 + = 11
3 = 5 3 + 2 = 7
It is sometimes necessary to manipulate both the equations before we can
eliminate a variable.
Worked Example 5
Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations
13 6 = 20
7 + 4 = 18 Substitute x = 2 into (1):
13 6 = 20
Solution: 13 2 6 = 20
13 6 = 20 ..(1) 2 6 = 6
7 + 4 = 18 (2) 3 =1
26 12 = 40 The solution is = 2 and y = 1
21 + 12 = 54 +
47 = 94
=2
 Practise Now 5
Using the elimination method, solve each of the following pairs of
simultaneous equations
(a) 9 + 2 = 5 (b) 5 4 = 17
7 3 = 13 2 3 = 11
Worked Example 6
Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations
2
= 6,
3 9

=6
3
Solution, Substitute y = 18 into (2):
Method 1:
2 3
=6
3
= 6 (1) 18
3 9 2 =6
3
= 6 . (2) 1
3

= 12
=9 The solution is = 12 and y = 18
6

=6
3

+ =3
6 3

= 3 = 18
6
Method 2:
2
= 6 (1) 9
3 9

= 6 . (2) 3
3
6 = 54 . (3)
3 = 18 . (4)
3 = 36
= 12
Substitute x = 12 into (4):
3 = 18
3(12) = 18
36 = 18
y= 18
The solution is = 12 and y = 18
 Practise Now 4
Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equations

=4,
2 3
2 1
=3
5 6 2
 Substitution Method
Rearrange one equation to express one variable in terms of the other
variable. Next, substitute the expression into the other equation to obtain an
equation in only one variable.
Worked Example 7
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous equations
7 2 = 21 ..(1)
4 + = 57 ..(2)
Solution: Substitute x = 9 into (3):
From (2), = 57 4 (3) = 57 4(9)
Substitute (3) to (1): = 57 36
7 2 57 4 = 21 = 21
7 114 + 8 = 21 The solution is = 9 and y = 21
15 = 135
=9
 Practise Now 7
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous equations
3 = 7
2 + 3 = 4
Worked Example 8
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous equations
3 + 2 = 7 .......... (1)
9 + 8 = 22 ..... (2)
Solution:
From (1), 2 = 7 3
73
= ... (3)
2
Substitute (3) to (2): Substitute x = 2 into (3):
73 73(2) 1
9 + 8 = 22 = =
2 2 2
1
9 + (28 12) = 22 The solution is x = 2 and y =
2
3 = 6
=2
 Practise Now 8
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous equations
3 2 = 8 ,
4 + 3 = 5.
Worked Example 9
Using the substitution method, solve the simultaneous equations
+1 1
= (1)
+2 2
2 1
= .(2)
1 3
Solution:
Substitute (3) into (4):
From (1), 2 + 1 = + 2
2 + 2 = + 2 3 2 = 5
= 2(3) =5
From (2), 3 2 = 1 Substitute x = 5 into (3):
3 6 = 1 = 2 5 = 10
3 = 5.(4) The solution is x =5 and y = 10.
 Practise Now 9
Using the substitution method, solve each of the following pairs of
simultaneous equations
1 2
(a) = (b) 3 + 2 = 3
3 3
2 1 1 3
= =
1 2 + +2
 Classwork
Tb.p.59
Ex 2C No
1(a); 2(a); 3(a); 4(a); 5(a);
6(a); 7(a); 8(a); 9(a); 10(a); 11; 12
2.5 Applications of Simultaneous Equations in
Real-World Contexts
Worked Example 10
The sum of two numbers is 67 and their difference is 3. Find the two numbers.
Solution:
Let the smaller number be x and the greater number be y.
+ = 67 (1)
= 3 (2) +
2 = 70
= 35
Substitute y = 35 into (1):
+ 35 = 67
= 32
The two numbers are 32 and 35
 Practise Now 10
1. The sum of two numbers is 36 and their difference is 9. Find the two
numbers.
2. One third of the sum of two angles is 60 and one quarter of their
difference is 28. Find the two angles.
3. The figure shows a rectangle with its length and breadth as indicated. Find
the perimeter of the rectangle.
( + + 2) cm
2 cm ( + 2) cm
(2 + 1) cm
Worked Example 11
2
If 1 is added to the numerator and 2 to the denominator of a fraction, the value obtained is .
1 3
If 2 is subtracted from its numerator and 1 from its denominator, the resulting value is . Find
3
the fraction.
Solution:
Let the numerator of the fraction be x and its denominator is y. let the fraction be .

+1 2
= (1)
+2 3
2 1
= ... (2)
1 3
From (1), 3 + 1 = 2( + 2)
3 + 3 = 2 + 4
3 2 = 1(3)
From (2), 3 2 = 1
3 6 = 1
3 = 5.. (4)
(4) (3): y = 4
Substitute y = 4 into (4): 3 4 = 5
3 = 9
3
=3 The fraction is
4
 Practise Now 11
If 1 is added to the numerator and to the denominator of a fraction, the value
4
obtained is . If 5 is subtracted from its numerator and from its denominator,
5
1
the resulting value is . Find the fraction.
2
Worked Example 11
The sum of the ages of Jun Wei and his mother is 60. Two years ago, Jun Weis
mother was three times as old as Jun Wei. Calculate
(i) Jun Weis present age
(ii) The age of Jun Weis mother when he was born.
Solution:
i. Let the age of Jun Weis mother be x years and Jun Wei be y years. Then two
years ago, Jun Weis mother was (x 2) years old and Jun Wei was (y 2) years
old.
+ = 60......(1)
2 = 3( 2) ......(2)
From (2), 2 = 3 6
= 3 4 .(3)
Substitute (3) into (1): 3 4 + = 60
4 = 64
= 16 Jun Weis present age = 16 years
ii. Substitute y = 16 into (3):
x = 3(16) 4
x = 44
Age of Jun Wei;s mother when he was born = 44 16 = 28 years.

Practise Now 12
1. In five years time, Kates father will be three times as old as Kate. Four
years ago, her father was six times as old as her. Find their present ages.
2. To visit the two conservatories at Gardens by the Bay, 11 adults and 5
children have to pay $280 whereas 14 adults and 9 children have to pay
$388. Find the total amount a family of 2 adults and 3 children has to pay
to visit the two conservatories.
Worked Example 13
The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 8. When the digits of the number are
reserved and the number is subtracted from the original number, the result obtained is
18. Find the original number.
Solution:
Let the tens digit of the original number be x and its ones digit be y.
Then the original number is 10x + y, the number obtained when the digits of the
original number are reserved is 10y + x.
+ = 8 .......................... (1)
10 + 10 + = 18 ... (2)
From (2), 10 + 10 = 18
9 9 = 18
= 2 (divide by 9 throughout).(3)
(1) + (3) : 2 = 10
=5
Substitute x = 5 into (1): 5 + = 8
=3
The original number is 53.
 Practise Now 13
A two-digit number is such that the sum of its digits is 11. When the digits of
the number are reserved and the number is subtracted from the original
number, the result obtained is 9. Find the original number.
 Classwork
Tb.p.65
Ex 2D No 1-3; 6-7; 10-11; 13-15