Sie sind auf Seite 1von 73

UNIT III

DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING


CHANNELS
Topics
Structure of a wireless communication link
Principles of Offset-QPSK
p/4-DQPSK
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Error performance in fading channels
OFDM principle Cyclic prefix, Windowing,
PAPR.
Structure of a wireless
communication link
Block Diagram of a Transmitter and Receiver
Block Diagram of a radio link with digital
transmitter.
Block Diagram of a digital receiver.
Mathematical link model for the analysis of
modulation formats.
Block Diagram of a Transmitter and Receiver

Block Diagram of a Transmitter

Information Source Channel Modulator Multiple Propagation


Source coder coder access channel

Block Diagram of a Receiver

Diversity Separation of Equalizer Demodulator Channel Source Information


Combiner desired user decoder decoder Sink
Block Diagram of a Digital Transmitter
Transmitter
Information Source
Source coder
Channel coder
Signaling
Multiplexer
Baseband modulator
Tx. DAC
Analog LPF
Tx.LO
Upconverter
Tx. RF filter
Analog propagation channel
Block Diagram of a Digital Receiver
Receiver
Receiver filter
Low noise amplifier
Rx.Local Oscillator
Rx. Down converter
Rx. LPF
Automatic Gain Control
Rx. ADC
Carrier Recovery
Baseband Demodulator
Multiple antennas
Symbol timing recovery
Decoder
Signaling
Demultiplexer
Source Decoder
Mathematical link model for the
analysis of modulation formats.
Modulation
process of encoding information from a message source in a
manner suitable for transmission
It involves translating a baseband message signal to a
bandpass signal at frequencies that are very high compared to
the baseband frequency.
Baseband signal is called modulating signal
Bandpass signal is called modulated signal
Baseband and Carrier
Communication
Baseband:
Describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured
from 0 to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency
Voice: Telephone 0-3.5KHz; CD 0-22.05KHz
Video: Analog TV 4.5MHz, TV channel is 0-6MHz. Digital, depending on
the size, movement, frames per second,
Example: wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, PCM phone
Carrier Communication:
Carrier: a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated to represent
the information to be transmitted. This carrier wave is usually of much
higher frequency than the modulating (baseband) signal.
Modulation Techniques
Modulation can be done by varying the
Amplitude
Phase, or
Frequency
of a high frequency carrier in accordance with the
amplitude of the message signal.
Demodulation is the inverse operation:
extracting the baseband message from the
carrier so that it may be processed at the
receiver.
EE 552/452 Spring 2007
Analog/Digital Modulation
Analog Modulation
The input is continues signal
Used in first generation mobile radio systems such
as AMPS in USA.
Digital Modulation
The input is time sequence of symbols or pulses.
used in current and future mobile radio systems
Digital Modulation Techniques
Linear: Amplitude of the signal varies according to the
message signal.
BPSK, DPSK
QPSK, offset QPSK, /4 QPSK
Constant envelope modulation: The amplitude of the
carrier is constant, regardless of the variation in the
message signal. It is the phase that changes.
BFSK, MSK, GMSK
Combined linear and constant envelope modulation
MPSK
QAM
MFSK and OFDM
Linear Modulation
The amplitude /phase of the transmitted signal s(t), varies
linearly with the modulating digital signal, m(t).
These are bandwidth efficient (because it doesnt change
frequency) and hence are very attractive for use in wireless
communication systems where there is an increasing
demand to accommodate more and more users within a
limited spectrum.
They usually do not have constant envelope.
More spectral efficient.
Poor power efficiency
Eg. offset QPSK, /4 QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QPSK is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q)
and exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth
efficiency.
QPSK can be filtered using raised cosine filters to achieve
excellent out of band suppression.
Large envelope variations occur during phase transitions, thus
requiring linear amplification
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Multilevel Modulation Technique: 2 bits per symbol
More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver.
Two times more bandwidth efficient than BPSK

11 State
01 State

A cos 2f c t
4
11




A cos 2f c t
3

s t
01
4
3
A cos 2f c t

00 State 10 State 00
4


A cos 2f c t
10
Phase of Carrier: /4, 2/4, 5/4, 7/4 4
QPSK - 4 different waveforms
1.5 cos+sin 1.5 -cos+sin
1 1
0.5 11 0.5 01
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1.5 1.5
1 1 00
10
0.5 0.5
cos-sin -cos-sin
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
QPSK Example
QPSK Virtue of pulse shaping
Types of QPSK
Types of QPSK
Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i.e 180 phase
transition). Highly linear amplifier required.
In offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered.
Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90.
In /4 QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so
transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest
envelope variations.
All QPSK schemes require linear power amplifiers.
Offset QPSK waveforms
Offset OQPSK
QPSK can have 180 degree jump, amplitude fluctuation
By offsetting the timing of the odd and even bits by one bit-period, or half
a symbol-period, the in-phase and quadrature components will never
change at the same time.
90 degree jump
/4 QPSK signaling
135 degree
Non-coherent
detection
/4 QPSK transmitter
/4 QPSK transmitter

Ik and Qk represent rectangular pulses having one symbol


duration and is given by

Where
/4 QPSK transmitter
/4 QPSK waveform is given by
/4 QPSK Detection Techniques
Baseband Differential detection
IF Differential detection
FM Discriminator detection
I Baseband Differential detection
Baseband Differential detection

is I is the phase of the carrier due to kth data bit the


output from the two low pass filters in the in-phase and
quadrature arms of the demodulator can be expressed as
Baseband Differential detection
Baseband Differential detection

Using the above table SI and SQ are given by


II. IF Differential Detection
III. FM Discriminator detector
Constant Envelope Modulation
Amplitude of the carrier is constant, regardless of the
variation in the modulating signal
Better immunity to fluctuations due to fading.
Better random noise immunity
Power efficient
low out-of-band radiation of the order of -60dB to -70 dB
Simpler receiver design can be used.
High immunity against random FM noise and Rayleigh fading.
Disadvantage of Constant Envelope
Occupies larger bandwidth than linear modulation.
Eg. MSK, GMSK
Minimum (frequency) Shift Keying
(MSK)
Minimum-shift keying is a special type of continuous phase-frequency shift keying
(CPFSK), where the frequency changes occur at the carrier zero crossings.
MSK is sometimes referred to as fast FSK, as the frequency spacing used is only
half as much as that used in conventional non-coherent FSK.
A MSK signal also can be thought of as a special form of Offset QPSK where the
baseband rectangular pulses are replaced with half-sinusoidal pulses.
MSK is a particularly spectrally efficient form of coherent binary FSK.
In MSK, the difference between the higher & lower frequency is identical to half
the bit rate: 2 f = (fH - fL ) = Rb /2 = 1/(2Tb ). . . . Or: f = Rb /4 = 1/(4Tb ).
As a result, the waveforms used to represent a 0 bit and a 1 bit differ by exactly
half a carrier period. This is the smallest FSK modulation index that can be chosen
such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal.
Orthogonality guarantees that both signals will not interfere with each other
during the detection process and create the minimum spectral bandwidth.
The carrier frequency of a MSK signal is: f2 = fc + 1/(4Tb ) or f1 = fc 1/(4Tb ).
The carriers frequency: f0 = (m/4) fb is an integral multiple of fb /4 .
A variant of MSK called: GMSK is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.
MSK
Sometimes MSK is called as fast FSK

If half sinusoid pulses are used instead of rectangular pulses then MSK for
N-bit stream can be represented as
MSK is a special form of CPFSK and rewritting FSK eqn. using trignometric
identities

For MSK the baseband pulse shaping function is given by


Minimum Shift Keying spectra
MSK modulation
MSK reception
Advantages and disadvantages of
MSK
Advantages of MSK Modulation
Since the MSK signals are orthogonal and with a minimal
frequency spacing/distance, the frequency spectrum is more
compact.
The detection scheme take advantage of the orthogonal
characteristics.
MSK modulation has low Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI),
compared to GMSK.
Disadvantages of MSK Modulation:
The fundamental problem with MSK is that the spectrum has
side-lobes extending well above the data rate.
To reduce the energy of the upper side-lobes a pre-
modulation filter is used to reduce RF energy in side-lobes.
GMSK Modulation

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying.


Used in GSM and DECT standards.
Relevant to mobile communications
because of constant envelope modulation:
Quite insensitive to non-linearities of power
amplifier
Robust to fading effects
But moderate spectral efficiency.
What is GMSK Modulation?
Continuous phase digital frequency
modulation
Modulation index h=1/2
Gaussian Frequency Shaping Filter
GMSK = MSK + Gaussian filter
Characterized by the value of BT
T = bit duration
B = 3dB Bandwidth of the shaping filter
BT = 0.3 for GSM
BT = 0.5 for DECT
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GMSK PROPERTIES
Improved spectral efficiency.
Reduced main lobe over MSK
Requires more power to transmit data than many
comparable modulation schemes.
Self synchronizing capability
Constant envelope over entire B.W
Good BER performance
GMSK
POWER SPECTRUM OF GMSK

EE 552/452 Spring 2007


POWER SPECTRUM OF GMSK
As BT Decreases , side lobe falls rapidly.
increases irreducible error rate.
Gives more power (%) with
BT of 0.5 = BT of MSK
GMSK spectra shaping

EE 552/452 Spring 2007


GMSK
GMSK Spectrum
GMSK and QPSK
Pulse shapes and ISI
Gaussian Pulse Shaping Filter
Tradeoff between bandwidth and ISI
Simple GMSK modulation and
demodulation

EE 552/452 Spring 2007


Gaussian minimum shift keying

Achieves smooth phase transitions between signal states which can


significantly reduce bandwidth requirements
There are no well-defined phase transitions to detect for bit
synchronization at the receiving end.
With smoother phase transitions, there is an increased chance in
intersymbol interference which increases the complexity of the receiver.
Used extensively in 2nd generation digital cellular and cordless telephone
apps. such as GSM
Digital GMSK demodulator

EE 552/452 Spring 2007


Advantages, Disadvantages and
Applications of GMSK
ADVANTAGES
High spectral efficiency.
Reducing sideband power.
Excellent power efficiency due to constant envelope.
Good choice for voice modulation.
DISADVANTAGES
Higher power level than QPSK.
Requiring more complex channel equalization algorithms such as an
adaptive equalizer at the receiver.
APPLICATION
Most widely used in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
Used for CDPD (cellular digital packet data) overlay network.
Used for GPRS & EDGE systems.
Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing
Special form of Multi-Carrier Transmission.
Multi-Carrier Modulation.
Divide a high bit-rate digital stream into low bit-rate schemes and
transmit in parallel (using Sub-Carriers)

0.8
Normalized Amplitude --->

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Normalized Frequency (fT) --->
Error performance in fading channels
Major advantages of OFDM systems
High spectral efficiency due to nearly rectangular frequency
spectrum for high numbers of sub-carriers.
Simple digital realization by using the FFT operation.
Less complex receivers due to the avoidance of ISI with a
sufficiently long cyclic prefix.
Different modulation schemes can be used on individual sub-
carriers which are adapted to the transmission conditions on
each sub-carrier.
Transceiver structure of OFDM (analog)
Transceiver structure of OFDM (using IFFT)
Principle of cyclic prefix
Principle of cyclic prefix
The Cyclic Prefix or Guard Interval is a periodic extension of the last part of
an OFDM symbol that is added to the front of the symbol in the
transmitter, and is removed at the receiver before demodulation
The cyclic prefix has to two important benefits
The cyclic prefix acts as a guard interval. It eliminates the inter
symbol interference from the previous symbol.
It acts as a repetition of the end of the symbol thus allowing the
linear convolution of a frequency selective multipath channel to be
modeled as circular convolution which in turn maybe transformed to the
frequency domain using a discrete fourier transform. This approach allows
for simple frequency domain processing such as channel estimation and
equalization.
Cyclic prefix
Block diagram of OFDM transmission with cyclic prefix
and one tap equalization
Drawback of OFDM
OFDM signals with high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
require highly linear amplifiers. Otherwise, performance
degradation occurs and out-of-band power will be enhanced.
More sensitive to Doppler spread than single-carrier
modulated systems.
Phase noise caused by the imperfections of the transmitter
and receiver oscillators influences the system performance.
Accurate frequency and time synchronization is required.
Loss in spectral efficiency due to cyclic prefix (CP)
Windowing
Windowing is a popular method of reducing the spectral side
lobes of OFDM.
A popular window usually used for this purpose in the raised
cosine (RC) window, because of its tapered and smooth edges.
Peak to average power ratio(PAPR)
PAPR is generally used to characterize the envelope fluctuation of the OFDM .
the peak value of the system can be very high as compared to the average of the
whole system. This ratio of the peak to average power value is termed as Peak-to-
Average Power Ratio.
High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio has been recognized as one of the major
practical problem involving OFDM modulation.
High PAPR results from the nature of the modulation itself where multiple
subcarriers are added together to form the signal to be transmitted.
When N sinusoids add, the peak magnitude would have a value of N, where the
average might be quite low due to the destructive interference between the
sinusoids.
High PAPR signals are usually undesirable for it usually strains the analog circuitry.
High PAPR signals would require a large range of dynamic linearity from the analog
circuits which usually results in expensive devices and high power consumption
with lower efficiency (for e.g. power amplifier has to operate with larger back-off
to maintain linearity).

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen