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eV0 hf
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Einsteins explanation of the photoelectric effect
A photon contains a discrete amount of
energy. For light of frequency f and
wavelength , this energy is E = hf or E h eV0 hf
E = (hc)/, where h is Plancks constant
6.626 1034 J-s = 4.136 1015 eV-s.
1 eV = 1.602 1019 J-s
This explains how the energy of an emitted
electron in the photoelectric effect depends
on the frequency of light used.
Different materials can have a different
threshold frequency, but once that threshold
is exceeded, the dependence is the same.
The momentum of a photon of wavelength
is p = E/c = h/. Can write it in terms of
wavenumber k = 2p/, p k or wave-
34
vector p k , where h 2p = 1.055 10 J-s
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
The photoelectric effectexamples
Example 38.1Laser-pointer photons.
Lets explore this idea of photons and get an idea of the numbers of photons
in a typical laser pointer. Say a red laser pointer (wavelength = 650 nm)
has 0.5 mW of output power. Each photon has an energy E = hc/ , =
6.6310-34*3108/6.5010-7 = 3.0610-19 J. Since 0.5 mW = 510-3 J/s,
this is 510-3 J/s / 3.0610-19 J/photon = 1.631016 photons/s.
Example 38.3Determining and h experimentally.
In a photoelectric experiment you measure stopping potentials V0 for light
of three different wavelengths, 1.0 V for 600 nm, 2.0 V for 400 nm, and
3.0 V for 300 nm. Determine the work function and Plancks constant h.
eV0 hf
To do this, we need the frequencies
c3 108
f 5 1014
;7.5 1014
;1015
Hz
6, 4,3 10 7
E 0.01
6.63 10 34
J-s 3 108 m/s
1.59 1015 J 991 eV
1.24 1010 m
2h
Note max change in wavelength is for head-on collision ( = 180),
mc