OPPORTUNITIES FOR

RENEWABLE ENERGY

UTILIZATION
 Specific Questions

What are the current and projected energy demands?

How are energy needs supplied?

What forms of renewable energy will contribute to

meet these demands?

What contribution can renewable energy make to

current and future energy needs?
 Renewable Energy Sources

Solar Energy Biogas

Livestock Residue
Wind Energy MSW
Hydel Energy
Large, Small/Mini-Micro
Bio Fuels (Ethanol & Biodiesel)

Biomass Energy Bio Power (Cogeneration

from Bagasse)
Wood Fuel
Crop Residues
Tidal and Wave Energy
Livestock Residues
MSW
Geothermal Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL

Annual world energyconsumption

Finite fossil fuel reserves

Coal Uranium Gas Oil

Annually available renewable energy resources

Photosynthesis Wind Hydro

 Advantages of Renewables

Indigenous,
Abundant
Free of cost (Resource)
Environment Friendly
Decentralized
Sustainable (Renewable energy resources are being
replaced/generated at the same rate that they are being utilised.
Hence they will last indefinitely.)
 Development of Renewables Why?

Increasing Energy Demand

Dwindling Recourses of Fossil Fuels
Increasing Environmental Concerns
Increasing Energy Prices
Increasing Energy Supply Security Concerns
High Cost and Safety and Security Concerns Regarding Nuclear
Power
Indigenous, Abundant, Environment Friendly, and Decentralized
nature of Renewable Energy Sources.
Sustainable Energy Sources
Energy Consumption in Pakistan
by Sector

Commercial,
3.8%
Domestic,
21.1%

Industrial,
43.9%
Other Govt.,
2.1%

Transport,
Agriculture, 27.0%
2.1%
 Commercial energy consumption
by end-use energy type
FCE in the form of oil, natural gas, LPG, coal and electricity is being consumed in the domestic,
commercial, industrial, transport, agriculture and other government sectors for lighting, running
electric appliances and machines, cooking and heating, industrial processing, transportation etc.
10
9 Transport fuel
Energy Consumption (MTOE)

8 Electricity

7 Industrial processing thermal energy

6 Cooking and heating thermal energy
5
4
3
2
1
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
 Commercial energy consumption
in domestic and other sectors
In this sector, energy is used for lighting, cooking, heating, cooling and for other
electric appliances. Electricity and CHTE are used in this sector for these
applications.
7

6 Electricity Thermal Total

Energy consumption (MTOE)

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
 Commercial energy consumption
in commercial sector
Electricity and CHTE are used for lighting, heating and cooking
(thermal uses), and electric appliances (television, refrigerator,
air-conditioner, computer etc) in the commercial sector.
1
Energy consumption (MTOE)

Electricity Thermal Energy Total

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Ye ar
 Commercial energy consumption
in industrial sector
The industrial sector in Pakistan has grown from the humble
beginning at the time of independence to the current state, which
consumes bulk of commercial energy. In industrial sector, commercial
energy demands are divided into two categories: electricity and IPTE.
12

10
Energy consumption (MTOE)

Electricity Thermal Energy Total

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Ye ar
 Commercial energy consumption
in transport and agriculture sector
12

Electricity Thermal Energy Total

10
Energy consumption (MTOE)

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Ye ar

Transport sector is another major consumer of commercial energy in Pakistan. In

this sector, the consumption can be desegregated into Road, Rail, Air and
Shipping. Energy demand of this sector is categorised into electricity and TF. In
TF category, oil and gas (CNG) are the energy sources used in this sector with
more than 96% share of oil.
 Fossil fuels consumption in
Pakistan (MTOE)
Sector Oil Gas Coal Total

Power generation 6.910 (38%) 8.493 (34%) 0.073 15.476

Industrial 1.083 (6%) 8.63 (34.5%) 5.404 15.116

Transport 9.882 (55%) 1.685 (6.7%) --- 11.567

Commercial --- 1.002 (4%) --- 1.002

Agriculture 0.114 (0.6%) --- --- 0.114

Domestic and other 0.450 (2.5%) 5.19 (20.7%) --- 5.636

Total 18.439 24.995 5.477 48.911

 Fossil fuels consumption in
Pakistan
Transport and power generation are the major consumers of oil
in the country.
The bulk of the gas is used in industrial, power generation and
domestic sectors.
The coal is mainly used in the Industrial sector.
Power generation sector is the major consumer of oil and natural
gas in the country.
The transport sector utilises more than half of the oil and 7% of
gas consumption in the country.
The industrial sector accounts for about 9.5% of oil, 34.5% of gas
and almost all the coal consumption in the country.
The residential sector utilises 16.5% of the total gas consumption
in Pakistan.
 Consumption of final biomass
energy in Pakistan
About 65% of the population of Pakistan lives in rural
areas. Majority of these rural people have no access to
commercial energy such as gas, electricity etc.

Traditional fuels like firewood, dung and crop residues

currently contribute a major share in meeting the
energy requirements of rural and low income urban
households especially for cooking and heating purpose.

The rural people meet more than 95% of their domestic

energy needs by burning bio fuels.
 Sectoral consumption of final
biomass energy in Pakistan
30
Industrial Domestic
25
Energy consumption (MTOE)

20

15

10

0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year

About 89% of the total final biomass energy is consumed in the domestic sector
and the remaining 11% is consumed in the industrial sector as industrial process heat.
Conversion of Renewable Energy to Thermal,
Mechanical and Electrical Energy
Geothermal
Biomass

Solar
Hydro,
Wind
Waves
Tidal

Thermal

Electrical Mechanical
 RETs Suitable for Pakistan
Resource Technology Output

Electricity Heat Fuel Mechanical

Power

Wind Grid Connected Wind Turbine

Stand Alone Wind Turbine/Wind
Home System (WHS)

Solar Grid Connected Solar PV

Building Integrated Solar PV
Solar Home System (SHS)/Stand
Alone Solar PV
Solar Water Heater and Cooker

Biomass Co-Generation (Bagasse Based)

Fermentation/Distillation/Molecular
Sieve (Molasses)
Anaerobic digestion (Dung & MSW)
Improved Cook Stoves (ICS)

Hydro Large Hydro Turbines

Small/Mini-Micro Hydro Turbines
 Opportunities for RE Utilization
Renewable energy sources can be used instead of fossil fuels for
many applications.
Power generation sector (31.6%) is the major consumer of fossil
fuels. Wind energy, solar energy, hydropower and biomass
(bagasse and rice husk) energy can be exploited for electricity
generation instead of fossil fuel in the country.
Electricity requirements of the un-electrified rural households can
be met through decentralised renewable energy systems.
All these technologies except solar PV are mature and
economically viable in the country.
Solar PV is expected to be competitive to other power generation
options by the year 2015.
These renewable energy sources have the potential to meet all the
current and future electricity requirements of Pakistan.
 Opportunities for RE Utilization

Industrial (30.8%) and transport (24%) sectors

are also the major consumers of fossil fuels in
Pakistan.
Industrial sector is dependent on steam
generation through gas, coal or oil fired boilers.
Solar energy, biomass (wood and agricultural
waste, MSW etc) and biogas can be used for the
production of process heat and also for pre-
heating the water to reduce the energy resources
gap.
 Opportunities for RE Utilization

In the transport sector, ethanol and bio-diesel can

partially substitute fossil fuels.
In the long term, renewable hydrogen can be used to
substitute the oil and gas.
Renewable electricity, biogas and other biomass energy
can substitute fossil fuels in domestic, commercial, and
agriculture sectors.
Solar energy can be utilized for cooking, heating, drying
in the domestic, commercial and agriculture sectors.
Solar and wind energy can also be used foe water
pumping in the domestic and agriculture sectors.
 Opportunities for RE Utilization
Source Application Sector
Hydropower Electricity generation Power
Wind Electricity generation Power
energy Water pumping Domestic & Agriculture

Solar energy Electricity generation Power

Water heating Industrial, Domestic & Commercial
Industrial Process Heating Industrial
Water pumping Domestic & Agriculture
Cooking Domestic & Commercial
Biomass Electricity generation Power
energy Cooking Domestic & Commercial
Water heating Industrial, Domestic & Commercial
Industrial Process Heating Industrial
Fuel Transport and Agriculture
Opportunities for RE Utilization

Renewable energy sources such as

hydropower, wind energy, solar
energy and biomass, if exploited to
their full potential, could manage
the deepening energy crisis in the
World and Pakistan