Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
z 2 2
(1)
Make it Greek
( N 1) s 2 ( N 1 ) s 2
p 2 2 2 .95
( N 1;.025) ( N 1;.975)
Suppose N=15 and s 2 is 10. Then df=14 and for Q=.025
the value is 26.12. For Q=.975 the value is 5.63.
(14)(10) (14)(10)
p
2
.95
26.12 5.63
p 5.36 24.87 .95
2
Normality Assumption
We assume normal distributions to figure
sampling distributions and thus p levels.
Violations of normality have minor
implications for testing means, especially as
N gets large.
Violations of normality are more serious for
testing variances. Look at your data before
conducting this test. Can test for normality.
Review
You have sample 25 children from an
elementary school 5th grade class and
measured the height of each. You
wonder whether these children are more
variable in height than typical children.
Their variance in height is 4. Compute
a confidence interval for this variance.
If the variance of height in children in
5th grade nationally is 2, do you
consider this sample ordinary?
The F Distribution (1)
The F distribution is the ratio of two
variance estimates:
s12 est . 12
F 2
s2 est . 22
Also the ratio of two chi-squares, each
divided by its degrees of freedom:
(2v ) / v1 In our applications, v2 will be larger
F 2 1
( v ) / v2
2
than v1 and v2 will be larger than 2.
In such a case, the mean of the F
distribution (expected value) is
v2 /(v2 -2).
F Distribution (2)
F depends on two parameters: v1 and
v2 (df1 and df2). The shape of F
changes with these. Range is 0 to
infinity. Shaped a bit like chi-square.
F tables show critical values for df in
the numerator and df in the
denominator.
F tables are 1-tailed; can figure 2-tailed
if you need to (but you usually dont).
F table critical values
Numerator df: dfB
dfW 1 2 3 4 5