By: Valendez, Marianne Gianelle L.

Ursabia, Shivonne Gene D.

Metabolic processes
Catabolic = Breakdown:
generation of energy and reducing power from complex molecules

produces small molecules (CO2, NH3) for use and as

waste products
Anabolic = Biosynthesis:
construction of large molecules to serve as cellular components such as

amino acids for proteins, nucleic acids, fats and

cholesterol
usually consumes energy
 Connection of Pathways
1. ATP is the universal currency of
energy
2. ATP is generated by oxidation of
glucose, fatty acids, and amino
acids ; common intermediate ->
acetyl CoA ; electron carrier ->
NADH and FADH2
3. NADPH is major electron donor in
reductive biosynthesis
4. Biomolecules are constructed
from a small set of building
blocks
5. Synthesis and degradation
pathways almost always separated
-> Compartmentation !!!
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Key junctions: Glucose-6-Phosphate,
Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Metabolic flow through glycolysis can be
regulated at three key points:

hexokinase: is inhibited by glucose-6-P

(product inhibition)
phosphofructokinase: is inhibited by ATP and
citrate
pyruvate kinase: inhibited by ATP and acetyl-
CoA
Glycolysis

-phosphofructokinase
is key enzyme in
regulation of
glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
--Fructose 1,6,-
bisphosphatase as
principalyl
regulated enzyme

Glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis are
reciprocally regulated!
Citric Acid Cycle & Oxidative
Phosphorylation
ATP regulates TCA cycle by inhibiting
isocitrate dehydrogenase and
ketoglutarate dedyrdrogenase
Fatty Acid Synthesis and Degradation

Synthesis: cytosolic
pathway; addition of
C2 units to growing
chain on an acyl
carrier protein (ACP)
via malonyl CoA as
activated
intermediate; Acetyl
CoA carboxylase as
key control site
Degradation:
mitochondrial pathway
of oxidation;
requires regeneration
of NAD+ and FAD,
malonyl CoA inhibits
FA degradation by
inhibiting carnitine
acetyl transferase .
Amino acid degradation and urea cycle
Carbamoyl-phosphate sinthetase
is stimulated by N-
acetylglutamine, which signals the
presence of high amounts of
nitrogen in the body
Glycogenesis
Flow is regulated in the
gluconeogenesis-specific
reactions. Pyruvate carboxilase is
activated by acetyl-CoA, which
signals the abundance of citric acid
cycle intermediates
Glycogen metabolism
The metabolism of glycogen or
glucose to provide energy for
exercise occurs in one of two ways,
depending on the presence of
available oxygen to the muscle,
which in turn depends on the type
of exercise being performed.
Pentose phosphate pathway
Metabolic flow through the
pentose phosphate pathway is
controlled by the activity of
glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, which is
controlled by NADP+ availability.
 Glycolysis
Glycogen metabolism
Pentose phosphate pathway

Gluconeogenesi
s

ketogenesis

Fatty Acid
Synthesis and
Degradation

Amino acid Krebs

degradation cycle
and Urea
cycle
Summary of metabolism
Pathway NADH FADH2 ATP Total ATP
(+ ox phos)
Glycolysis 2 0 2 6
PDH 2 0 0 6
TCA 6 2 2 24

Total 10 2 4 36

or,
Fermentation 1-2 0 0-2 1-4
Metabolic Profile of Organs

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