IGCSE Biology: Selective Breeding and Genetic Modification

IGCSE BIOLOGY
SECTION 5 LESSON 2
Content
Section 5
a) Food production
Uses of
biological b) Selective breeding
resources
c) Genetic modification
(genetic engineering)
d) Cloning
Content
b) Selective breeding
Lesson 2 5.10 understand that plants with desired characteristics can be
developed by selective breeding
5.11 understand that animals with desired characteristics can be
b) Selective developed by selective breeding.
breeding
c) Genetic modification
c) Genetic 5.12 describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at
modification specific sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together
5.13 describe how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which
take up pieces of DNA, then insert this recombinant DNA into
other cells
5.14 understand that large amounts of human insulin can be
manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown
in a fermenter
5.15 evaluate the potential for using genetically modified plants
to improve food production (illustrated by plants with improved
resistance to pests)
5.16 understand that the term transgenic means the transfer of
genetic material from one species to a different species.
Selective breeding
Selective breeding is a
method used for many
years by farmers and
growers to improve crops
and yields. For example,
milk production or
disease resistance.
Selective breeding
Selective breeding aims to improve the

features of a species.
Eg. To produce leaner pigs:
1. Select pigs with the least fat and mate
them
2. Select the best of the offspring and
mate these
3. Continue selecting and breeding over
many generations.
Selective breeding
Disease-resistant wheat has

also been developed by cross
breeding wheat plants with
disease resistance and wheat
plants with a high yield.
Selective breeding
Disease-resistant wheat has

also been developed by cross
breeding wheat plants with
disease resistance and wheat
plants with a high yield.
The stalk of the wheat plant
has also been developed by
selective breeding to make it
shorter and stronger helps
with harvesting.
Selective breeding
Milk yield in dairy
cattle has been
increased by
selecting bulls from
high yield herds and
breeding them with
cows that have the
best milk
production
Selective breeding
Milk yield in dairy
cattle has been
increased by
selecting bulls from
high yield herds and
breeding them with
cows that have the
best milk
production
ROSES bred for
colour, shape and
scent.
SHEEP bred for
quality wool and
lamb production
ROSES bred for

colour, shape and
scent.
SHEEP bred for
quality wool and
lamb production
APPLES bred for

colour, taste and
texture
ROSES bred for

colour, shape and
scent.
SHEEP bred for
quality wool and
lamb production
DOGS bred for

speed and
endurance
APPLES bred for

colour, taste and
texture
ROSES bred for

colour, shape and
scent.
SHEEP bred for
quality wool and
lamb production
DOGS bred for

speed and
endurance
CATS bred for APPLES bred for

best of breed shows colour, taste and
texture
ROSES bred for

colour, shape and
scent.
SHEEP bred for
quality wool and
lamb production
DOGS bred for

speed and
endurance
CATS bred for APPLES bred for

best of breed shows colour, taste and
texture
ROSES bred for LINSEED bred

colour, shape and for oil production
scent.
Selective breeding
Advantages:
Produces an organism with
the right features for a
particular function.
Produces a more efficient

and economically viable
process for farming and
horticulture.
Selective breeding
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Produces an organism with Reduced number of alleles
the right features for a in the population.
particular function. Reduced variation, so
unable to respond to
Produces a more efficient environmental change.
and economically viable Can lead to other
process for farming and unexpected health
horticulture. problems.
Genetic Modification
Genetic
modification
(GM) is the use
of modern
biotechnology to
change the genes
of an organism
Why
GM?
Why
GM?
To improve crop
yields, eg. larger
tomatoes, more
oil from linseed
plants
Why
GM?
To improve To improve crop
resistance to yields, eg. larger
pests or tomatoes, more
herbicides, eg. oil from linseed
Pyrethrum plants
Why
GM?
Pyrethrum plants
To improve the
shelf-life of fast
ripening crops
such as tomatoes
Why
GM?
Pyrethrum plants
To harness the To improve the

cell chemistry of shelf-life of fast
an organism, eg. ripening crops
human insulin such as tomatoes
Genes are often
transferred at an early
stage of development (in
both animals and plants) so
they develop with the
required characteristics
GM Stuffed Dog
(not really)
Genes are often
transferred at an early
stage of development (in
both animals and plants) so
they develop with the
required characteristics
Characteristics can then be

passed onto the offspring if
the organism reproduces
asexually, or is cloned.
GM Stuffed Dog
(not really)
describe the use of
restriction enzymes to cut
DNA at specific sites and
ligase enzymes to join
pieces of DNA together
How do we
change the
genes of an
organism?
How do we
change the
genes of an
organism?
Thats a really
good question
lets start
with an
example
A hormone
secreted by
the pancreas,
essential for The production
the control of of human insulin
blood glucose.
by genetic
engineering.
A hormone
secreted by
the pancreas,
essential for The production
the control of of human insulin
blood glucose.
by genetic
engineering.
A Type 1
diabetes
patient needs
insulin
injections to
survive.
Insulin
A hormone
medications
secreted by
were
the pancreas,
The production originally
essential for
taken from
the control of of human insulin cows, pigs or
blood glucose.
by genetic salmon.
engineering.
A Type 1
diabetes
patient needs
insulin
injections to
survive.
Insulin
A hormone
medications
secreted by
were
the pancreas,
The production originally
essential for
taken from
the control of of human insulin cows, pigs or
blood glucose.
by genetic salmon.
engineering.
A Type 1 Human insulin
diabetes first
patient needs synthesised
insulin by genetic
injections to engineering in
survive. 1978.
Genetic Engineering The Process
Chromosome
Human
cell
Part of a human chromosome
Human insulin gene

Chromosome
Human The gene for insulin

cell production is cut out of
the human chromosome
using restriction enzymes
Human insulin gene

Restriction enzymes, found

Chromosome
Human naturally in bacteria, can

Thebegene for insulin
production is cut out of
used to cut chromosome
cell
(DNA) fragments at specific
points.
Human insulin gene

Chromosome
Human The gene for insulin

cell production is cut out of

Bacteria are
prokaryotic micro-
organisms. They do
Bacterium not have a distinct
cell nucleus
Bacterial DNA
Plasmid = small DNA

molecule, separate
from the chromosomal
DNA
Genetic
GeneticEngineering
EngineeringThe
TheProcess
Process
Another restriction
enzyme is used to cut
open a ring of
bacterial DNA.
Genetic
GeneticEngineering
EngineeringThe
TheProcess
Process
Another restriction
enzyme is used to cut
open a ring of
bacterial DNA.
Other enzymes (ligase

enzymes) are used to
insert the piece of
human DNA into the
plasmid.
Genetic
GeneticEngineering
EngineeringThe
TheProcess
Process
Another restriction
Ligaseenzyme
enzymes aretoenzymes
is used cut
open
that a ring ofreactions
catalyze
bacterial DNA.
which make bonds to join
together (ligate) smaller
molecules to make
Other enzymes larger
(ligase
ones.
enzymes) are used to
insert the piece of
human DNA into the
plasmid.
Plasmid now reinserted

into a bacterium which
starts to divide rapidly.
VAT
As it divides it
replicates the plasmid,
and very soon there are
millions of them, each
with the code to make VAT
insulin.
Commercial quantities
of insulin are then
produced.
VAT
The vector (the carrier) may be a virus rather

than a bacterial plasmid. The viral vector is
also known as a virion.
The viral vector is

able to transport
the DNA directly
into the nucleus of
another cell.

The viral vector is After insertion of

able to transport the DNA the protein
the DNA directly is then produced
into the nucleus of using the cells own
another cell. mechanism.

Human insulin was the first commercially

available protein produced by recombinant DNA
technology.
Human insulin was the first commercially

available protein produced by recombinant DNA
technology.
Large amounts of human insulin can be

manufactured from genetically modified bacteria
that are grown in a fermenter
Genetically Modified Crops
Major doubts have been
raised over the safety of GM
foods by a new study ..
The Daily Mails

Frankenstein Food Watch
campaign has long
highlighted problems with
the lack of rigorous safety
assessments for GM crops
and food.
Most developments are in
the experimental or trial
stages. In the UK, GM
crops are grown only on a
trial basis.
trial basis.
Developed particularly for

insect / pest resistance
trial basis.
Bacterium (Bacillus
thuringiensis) has a toxin
that kills caterpillars and
insect larvae. Gene for this Developed particularly for
toxin implanted in some insect / pest resistance
plant species using a
bacterial vector.
Plants produce the toxin and
have shown
trial basis.
increased resistance to attack by insect
larvae. Unfortunately there are signs that
insects are developing immunity to the
Bacterium (Bacillus
thuringiensis) has a toxin
toxin.
that kills caterpillars and
insect larvae. Gene for this Developed particularly for
toxin implanted in some insect / pest resistance
plant species using a
bacterial vector.
trial basis.
In 2002 half the cotton

grown in China was
genetically modified to
produce a substance Developed particularly for
poisonous to the cotton insect / pest resistance
bollworm, a pest of cotton
crops.
trial basis.
Benefits of the GM cotton are a reduction
in pesticide use, and increase in yields and
profits, and health benefits to workers
(no more spraying of pesticides).
In 2002 half the cotton
grown in China was
genetically modified to
produce a substance Developed particularly for
poisonous to the cotton insect / pest resistance
bollworm, a pest of cotton
crops.
Advantages Disadvantages
GM crops more productive and
have a larger yield
have a larger yield
Can offer more nutritional
value and better flavour
have a larger yield
Inbuilt resistance to pests,
weeds and disease
have a larger yield
weeds and disease
Crops require less herbicides
and pesticides
have a larger yield
weeds and disease
and pesticides
foods are more resistant and
stay ripe for longer, so
improving shelf life.
have a larger yield
weeds and disease
and pesticides
more GM crops can be grown
on relatively smaller parcels of
land.
GM crops more productive and Exact insertion of the genes is
have a larger yield still a hit or miss process.
weeds and disease
and pesticides
land.
Can offer more nutritional GM food will end food
value and better flavour diversity if everyone grows
Inbuilt resistance to pests, same standard crops.
weeds and disease
and pesticides
land.
weeds and disease GM crops could cross-pollinate
Crops require less herbicides with nearby non-GM plants and
and pesticides create ecological problems.
land.
weeds and disease GM crops could cross-pollinate
Crops require less herbicides with nearby non-GM plants and
and pesticides create ecological problems.
foods are more resistant and Herbicide-resistant and
stay ripe for longer, so pesticide-resistant crops could
improving shelf life. give rise to super-weeds and
more GM crops can be grown super-pests that would need
on relatively smaller parcels of newer, stronger chemicals to
land. destroy them.
Transgenic Species
understand that the term
transgenic means the
transfer of genetic material
from one species to a
different species
Transgenic Species
Transgenic = an
organism whose
genetic material has
been altered using
genetic engineering
Glofish, the first transgenic
animals to be sold as pets. techniques.
http://en.wikipedia.org
Transgenic Species
Glofish fluorescence
gene from a jellyfish
inserted into zebrafish
embryo. Fish are now
brightly fluorescent in
Glofish, the first transgenic
both natural white light
animals to be sold as pets. and UV light.
http://en.wikipedia.org
Transgenic Species
An anti-blood-clotting
agent used in heart
surgery has been
produced in the milk of
transgenic goats. The
product is in the final
stages of clinical trials.
Transgenic Species
The gene for an enzyme,

alpha-anti-trypsin, which
blocks the action of the
protease enzymes in the
lungs of people suffering
from inherited
emphysema, has been
transferred to sheep.
Transgenic Species
The gene has been

inserted into milk
producing cells in sheep
mammary glands. The
sheep now produce the
enzyme in their milk,
from which it can be
separated and purified.
Transgenic Species
End of Section 5 Lesson 2
In this lesson we have covered:
selective breeding
genetic modification
genetic engineering
GM crops
transgenic species

IGCSE Biology: Selective Breeding and Genetic Modification

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IGCSE BIOLOGY

Selective breeding aims to improve the

Disease-resistant wheat has

Disease-resistant wheat has

ROSES bred for

APPLES bred for

ROSES bred for

DOGS bred for

APPLES bred for

ROSES bred for

DOGS bred for

CATS bred for APPLES bred for

ROSES bred for

DOGS bred for

CATS bred for APPLES bred for

ROSES bred for LINSEED bred

Produces a more efficient

To harness the To improve the

Characteristics can then be

Part of a human chromosome

Human insulin gene

Human The gene for insulin

Part of a human chromosome

Human insulin gene

Restriction enzymes, found

Human naturally in bacteria, can

Human insulin gene

Human The gene for insulin

Part of a human chromosome

Plasmid = small DNA

Other enzymes (ligase

Plasmid now reinserted

The vector (the carrier) may be a virus rather

The viral vector is

The vector (the carrier) may be a virus rather

The viral vector is After insertion of

The vector (the carrier) may be a virus rather

Human insulin was the first commercially

Human insulin was the first commercially

Large amounts of human insulin can be

The Daily Mails

Developed particularly for

In 2002 half the cotton

The gene for an enzyme,

The gene has been

In this lesson we have covered:

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