Modeling GPR Signal for Fast and Accurate

Characterization of Layered Media

Subrata Maiti, PhD Scholar, Roll No. 511EC407
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Rourkela

MOTIVATION ANALYSIS AND INVERSION OF MODELS

The success of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) signal modeling scheme largely depends on Comparison of Models
its accuracy and computational efficiency.
All the models are compared over the wide parameter vector space (2<r<101; 10<<104 mS/m;
1<h<103 cm) in terms of %RMS differences and time efficiency.
Achieving both together is a driving factor for advanced research in GPR.
Worst case frequency averaged %RMS difference obtained in -h plane
Full wave model (FWM) promises great accuracy to detect layered media. However time PWM-1 PWM-2
efficiency of FWM is poor compared to other simplified models. Compared with FWM-1
No=5 No=20 No=5 No=20
FWM-2 (r =2) 0.7454 4.3716 4.3737 0.0957 0.0957
This work presents a plane wave model (PWM) based on an FWM. The proposed model is FWM-2 (r =16) 0.4531 6.0280 2.6236 5.5612 0.4994
capable of detecting layered media with significant accuracy and efficiency. FWM-2 (r =81) 0.3598 21.1715 2.5402 21.0441 0.6873
Processing time in ms for computing Greens function over 101 frequency points.
PROPOSED METHOD FWM-2 FWM-1 PWM1 PWM2
2278.2 2280.0 6.2414 6.9968 6.1191 7.3611
Modeling Assumption
The antenna is a point source and receiver located at its phase centre. Model Inversion
The signal is propagating in normal direction only i.e. in z direction.
Objective function ( ) is defined in least square sense as following.
The air-subsurface media is modeled as multi-layered media where any nth layer is

homogeneous and is characterized by , , , and . = (, ) (, ) (11)
The VNA, antenna and sub-surface are modeled as linear systems [1] in series and parallel as
A gradient based algorithm of Matlab is implemented to minimize (b).
shown in bottom left side Figure. Therefore
A layer stripping (LS) technique is used to get preliminary information of parameters.
() ()

11 = = +
()
1 ()
(1)
RESULTS

is the Greens function representing the air-subsurface system. Experimental Setup
Y O TEM horn antenna
0 To VNA
1 1 , 1 , 1
1 Wooden box

1
Antenna height
Antenna , ,

Water layer
2 Metal sheet
1 1 , 1 , 1
1

, , Electrical properties of water
= 88.045 0.4147 + 6.295 104 2 + 1.075 105 3 (12)
Proposed Models:
Full Wave Models (FWMs):
= + 2 20
Lambot et al. [1] had proposed an FWM as following. (13)
1+

1 +

0, = , (2) = 2/(1.1109 1010 3.824 1012 + 6.938 1014 2 5.096 1016 3 (14)
4 0
2 Results of water layer detection


, =
(3)
Comparison of performance of various models to detect water layer parameters
We propose an FWM scheme as following. h1 h2 s2 Processing %RMS
Model used
(cm) (cm) (mS/m) time (s) error


, = 2n (4) LS 32.1645 3.7573 336.1152 0.8803 -
PWM-1 32.2464 3.6171 337.8612 0.4590 13.4317
The FWM mentioned in [1] is denoted as FWM-1 and the proposed one as FWM-2.
PWM-2 32.1792 3.6184 339.8806 0.4043 13.9080
FWM-1 [1] 32.1789 3.6173 340.3352 132.1153 13.9166
Plane Wave Models (PWMs): FWM-2 32.1793 3.6172 340.3069 131.6505 13.9079
The common reflection method [2] is modified according to the simplified expression of FWM-2
to make it very accurate and time efficient. For plane wave propagation, first order reflection
1
(,+1 ) from any interface ( ) is
1
2
1
,+1 = ,+1 1 ,+1 (2 ) (5)
=1 =1

+1
where ,+1 = , = = and = + = ( + ).
+1 + +
Considering the case of a two layered media, the FWM-2 is written as following.
+
1
() =
1 1 21 1 (6)
4 0
Now applying method of stationary phase and integration by parts repeatedly
1,2 21 1
21 1 CONTRIBUTIONS
()
= + 2 (7)
2 21 1 41 Proposed an SFCW monostatic GPR based on a fast and accurate modeling
Based on (7), the (5) is modified by multiplying a spreading factor to yield the PWM. scheme called PWM.
1
1

,+1 1 1
,+1 = +
2
=1 2
2
2 (8) With low detection time for layered media, this inverse modeling approach can be
=1
suitable for real time GPR applications.
Neglecting 2 variation (8) is modified as following.

1
1
,+1 1
,+1 =
2 =1 2 (9)
REFERENCES
Overall Greens function with maximum order from all the interfaces (1 to 1 ) is [1] S. Lambot, E. C. Slob, I. van den Bosch, B. Stockbroeckx, and M. Vanclooster, "Modeling of ground-
1 penetrating radar for accurate characterization of subsurface electric properties," IEEE Trans. on Geoscience
and Remote Sensing, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 25552568, Nov 2004.
= ,+1 (10)
=1 =1 [2] Huang, Zhong-lai, and Jianzhong Zhang. "Determination of Parameters of Subsurface Layers Using GPR
Spectral Inversion Method." Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 52.12 (2014): 7527-
Define the obtained by considering only variation term described in (10) as PWM-1
7533.
and the obtained by considering and 2 variations terms as PWM-2.