What is Logic?

1. IT IS A SCIENCE AND ART OF

CORRECT THINKING OR
REASONING.

2. LOGIC AS A PHILOSOPHICAL
DISCIPLINE.

-that logic involves both reciprocal

process of theory and practice.
-that logic is a tool in understanding
the many philosophical questions in
life.
 WHY STUDY LOGIC?
COMMON SENSE
It is a key factor
for acting in our
real world
 CHAPTER I
LANGUAGE
MEANING
DEFINITION
 LANGUAGE AS A SIGN

Semiotics or Semiology is in the essence

the study of signs.
A sign is something which refers to
something other than itself.
 ELEMENTS OF SIGNS
According to Ferdinand Sausurre:
1. signified refers to the thing-in-itself
2. signifier refers to the word or image
acoustic (sound), the material form which the
sign takes.
According to Charles Peirce:
1. object- anything that can be thought,
whether as a concept or thing.
2. representamen-the sign that denotes the
object.
3. interpretant-the meaning obtained by
decoding or interpreting the sign.
 The Three Areas in Semiotics
1. Syntactics is also known as the science
of grammar.
2. Semantics is the relationships of sign

to what they stand for.

Example: The present queen of the
Philippines is corrupt.
3. Pragmatics is the study of the

meaning based on the relations of the

signs to the interpreter.
Example: langgam
 TRUTH AND MEANING
1.The Basic Function of Language
a. Descriptive function -the informative
meaning conveyed by the sentence
can be evaluated according to their
truth-values as either true or false.
Example: EDSA Revolution took place on
February 25, 1986. TRUE
Saddam Hussein was executed in America.
False
 b. Expressive Function of language
is identical with exclamatory
sentence. Truth and falsity has no
bearing under this function of
language.
c. Directive Function is similar to
ordinary imperative sentence. It is
not evaluated in its truth-values.
A sentence, in its declarative grammatical
form, may have several functions as
expressive, directive, ceremonial, etc.
What we are concerned with logic is
the usefulness of a declarative
sentence that is informative in its
function and no other. Logic is all about
matters of truth or falsity. The use of
declarative sentence takes the lead in
the study of logic not because of its
grammatical form, but because it
conveys information as true or false.
Analytic and Synthetic Propositions
1. Analytic Propositions are those
whose predicate concept is
contained in its subject concept. In
other words, the predicate is
equivalent to the subject.
Examples: All Bachelors are
unmarried men. True
No bachelors are unmarried men.
False
 1. Synthetic Propositions are those
whose predicate concept is not
contained in its subject concept.
The truth and falsity of the
proposition depends on the relevant
facts or information in the real
world.
Examples: Salt is inexpensive
mineral.
 The criteria for Truth
1. Coherence Criterion of Truth
provides that coherence or
consistency is the requirement in
judging a proposition as true. In a
proposition, there are two facts
that are accepted as consistently
true. This test is applicable to
analytic propositions.
 2. Correspondence Criterion for
Truth provides that
correspondence is the
requirement in judging the
proposition as either true or
false. The Truth-value of the
proposition basically rests on
the conformity or
correspondence of our mind
with the reality. If it
corresponds, the judgment is
true, if it does not, the
judgment is false. This test is
applicable to synthetic
propositions.