Anabolic Presented by:

Dr. Robert Newton

Exercise Foundation Professor in

Exercise Science

for Health Edith Cowan University

Indeed, with the
possible exception of diet Physical
modification, we know
of no single intervention
Inactivity and
with greater promise than Chronic
physical exercise to
reduce the risk of
Disease
virtually all chronic
diseases simultaneously
Booth et al, JAP 2000

2
 Chronic
slow progress, long
continuance Disease
individual crosses
threshold - clinical
horizon to manifest
mechanisms underlying
active long before
outwardly affected

3
there has been an
epidemic emergence of Cost of
modern chronic diseases
in the latter part of the
Chronic
20th century Disease
costs in the USA are
now approaching $1
trillion

Booth et al, JAP 2000

4
 coronary heart disease
(atherosclerosis, heart Examples of
failure, hypertension, and Major Chronic
stroke)
obesity Diseases
Type 2 diabetes
some cancers
osteoporosis
sarcopenia

5
 Medical research and Only fighting
treatment is focused
almost entirely on
half of the
secondary and tertiary battle: being
prevention
Primary prevention is
reactive instead
cheaper, more effective, of proactive
and far less painful

6
the human genome
evolved over at least the We are
last 45,000 years within
an environment of high
programmed
physical activity for physical
the current human
genome expects and
activity
requires humans to be
physically active for
normal function and
health maintenance

Booth et al, JAP 2000

7
 There is no pharmacological
intervention that holds a greater promise
of improving health and promoting
independence in the elderly than does
exercise

Evans & Campbell, Journal of Nutrition, 1993

8
~ 250,000 deaths per
year in the US are Physical
premature due to
physical inactivity
Inactivity and
increases incidence of at Chronic
least 17 unhealthy
conditions
Disease
almost all of which are
chronic diseases or
considered risk factors
for chronic diseases

Booth et al, JAP 2000

9
 Physical inactivity ranks
second only to tobacco Physical
smoking in terms of the Inactivity and
burden of disease from
risk factors in Australia. Chronic
6% (second highest Disease2
burden for men) of the
total burden of disease
and injury among males
8% among females
(highest burden for
women)
AIHW: Mathers et al. 1999

1
Adult participation in
sufficient physical activity
for a health benefit declined Physical
from 62% in 1997 to 57%
in 2000. Inactivity and
Overweight and obesity Chronic
remains a serious problem,
affecting around 65% of
Disease3
men, 45% of women and
22% of children aged 2-17
years.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Australias Health 2002

1
leading cause of death among
Australians in 2000
49,741 deaths or 39% of all
Cardiovascular
deaths. Disease in
coronary heart disease 53%
stroke 25%
Australia
heart failure 5%
peripheral vascular disease 5%
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Australias Health 2002

1
 How
important is
physical
activity?
image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/ Living Longer Living Stronger

13
 Loss of muscle mass and
Sarcopenia
function
60% of over 80yrs
Anabolic exercise most
effective strategy to
prevent or reverse
sarcopenia

image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/

14
 nutrition (under-nutrition
and lack of vitamin D) Causes of
decreased hormone levels Sarcopenia
(e.g growth hormone,
testosterone)
reduced physical activity
particularly high intensity
loss of nerves that
innervate the muscles
image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/

15
Grounds, M.D. Biogerontology, 2002
Diabetes is the world's
fastest growing disease
It's Australia's sixth Diabetes
leading cause of death
Over one million
Australians have it but
50% are as yet unaware
Every 10 minutes someone
is diagnosed with diabetes

http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/
16
Age-specific prevalence of impaired glucose
tolerance, 1999-2000
Age (years) Men% Women%
2534 2.1 4.9
3544 4.8 8.5
4554 8.4 11.2 Impaired
5564 14.8 15.2
6574 20.4 22.9 Glucose
75+ 25.5 20.7
Source: Dunstan et al. 2001. Tolerance
Metabolic stage between normal and diabetes
Risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
Also greater risk of heart disease
Much higher in physically inactive and obese
Improved with physical activity and weight
reduction
17
In addition to controlling weight,
physical activity also improves the
bodys sensitivity to insulin, Impaired
helping to lower blood sugar.
Even a single bout of vigorous
Glucose
physical activity will have an Tolerance
immediate effect on insulin
sensitivity.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

Australias Health 2002
18
Exercise improves insulin
resistance
Beneficial for preventing Resistance
and treating type 2 diabetes
Aerobic exercise hindered
Exercise
in older, obese, co-morbid and
patients Diabetes
Anabolic exercise safe and
effective

Willey and Singh. Diabetes Care, 2003

19
It is estimated that
appropriate levels of
physical activity could Physical
prevent 30-50% of new
cases of Type 2 diabetes
Activity
Benefits for preventing and and
treating diabetes occur only Diabetes
with regular sustained
physical activity patterns
Manson & Spelsberg,1994)

20
Evidence is conclusive
Lifelong physical activity has
strong preventative effect
Anabolic exercise - greatest
Anabolic
efficacy Exercise and
Example*
1 year study of strength and
Osteoporosis
endurance training
1.3% increase BMD in
training group
1.2% decrease for control

*Kemmler et al. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2003

21
 Increased function e.g. stair
climb and descend, chair rise,
walking Anabolic
Reduced ratings of pain Exercise and
Reduced stiffness
Studies report anabolic Osteoarthritis
exercise to be safe, effective
and well tolerated in OA
patients

22
 Feasible and safe in selected Anabolic
patients with well-controlled
RA Exercise and
Significant improvements in Rheumatoid
strength, pain, and fatigue
Without exacerbating disease Arthritis
activity or joint pain.

Hakkinen, A. 2002 and 2003

23
 People who are physically
inactive are nearly twice as
likely to develop colon cancer Physical
(Colditz et al. 1997). activity and
Physical activity is also
associated with around a 30% cancer risk
reduction in the risk of women
of all ages developing breast
cancer
(Thune & Furberg 2001).

24
 Disease and treatment usually
results in debilitating fatigue Exercise for
Research examining exercise
programs pre surgery and/or Cancer
during treatment Patients
Increased vigor
Reduced muscle and bone loss
Enhanced immune function

Anabolic
Exercise
Possible increase survival
Positive psychological influences
Prostate and Breast cancer
More accurate detection
25
 Physical inactivity - risk factor Mental
Mechanism unknown Illness,
Physical activity strong
positive effect Dementia,
Slows progression of disease Alzheimers
Ageing population dementia
will become major problem

26
 Epidemiological studies into
Alzheimer disease indicates
physical activity appears Epidemiology
beneficial, as does a diet with
high levels of vitamins B6,
B12 and folate, while red
wine in moderate quantities
also appears protective

McDowell, I. Alzheimer's disease: insights from epidemiology. Aging-Clinical &

27
Experimental Research. 13:143-162, 2001.
 Cholesterol

Exercise and nutrition demonstrated effects on:

Lowered TC
Lowered LDL-C
Increased HDL-C
Lowered triglycerides

Scranton, R., et al. Predictors of 14-year changes in the total cholesterol to high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in men. American Heart Journal. 147(6):1033-1038, 2004
28
 Hypertension

Exercise can lower BP in patients with stage 1 and

2 essential hypertension
Average reduction in BP is 10.5 mm Hg for
systolic and 7.6 mm Hg for diastolic BP

Kokkinos, P. F., P. Narayan, and V. Papademetriou. Exercise as hypertension

therapy. Cardiology Clinics. 19:507-516, 2001.
29
 Obesity and Overweight

Combination of exercise and dietary modification

is the only effective long-term strategy for
controlling body weight

30
 accidental falls for >
Falls - Cost
65 years $83 million in
2001/02
1.5 % of health
expenditure in WA
cost per fall was
$6,500
Personal and family
cost much larger
31
 Multifactorial
Falls -
Range of physical Prevention
activity interventions
proven successful
Anabolic exercise
reverse loss of muscle
strength and slows bone
loss critical function

32
Must reverse our
concept of gentle
exercise Deficiencies of
To maintain function,
some physical
reduce chronic disease, activity
enhance quality of life programs for
MUST simulate pre-
industrial revolution!
seniors
Ageism! We need to
change our perceptions
33
Clearly life-long
physical activity
including resistance Life-Long
exercise is crucial to Prevention
maintaining optimal
structure and function Strategy
into old age
Primary prevention is
imperative!

image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/

34
 Fighting Fit??
http://www.ucomics.com/closetohome/2004/03/07/

35
 Edith
Cowan
University
International enrolments exceed 3,000 with students originating from
more than 80 countries.
ECU's origins go back to 1902 when it began as a teaching college.
Today it is Western Australia's second largest university with almost
23,000 students.
The University has three metropolitan campuses in Churchlands,
Mount Lawley and Joondalup and a regional campus in Bunbury, a
city 200kms south of Perth.
More than 330 courses are offered through the five faculties: Business
and Public Management; Computing, Health and Science;
Communications and Creative Industries, which incorporates the
Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts; Community
Services, Education and Social Sciences; and the Faculty of Regional
36 Professional Studies
Certificates offered
Sport and
Personal Training
Womens Wellness
Exercise
Degrees offered Science
Bachelor of Science
(Sports Science)
Masters and PhD by
research
Masters of Exercise
Science (Strength and
Conditioning)
37
 ECU Wellness
Training and certification
Professional development
On-going support

38
 Thank
You
www.ecu.edu.au

39