POLITCAL LESSON 2

IDEOLOGIES
POLITICS &
GOVERNANCE

CLASSIC TO MODERN
OBJECTIVES:
IDENTIFY THE BASIC TENETS OF MAJOR POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES;
DIFFERENTIATE POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES;
IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES AND CONFIGURATION OF POLITICAL
COMMUNITIES;
ENUMERATE IDEAS THAT HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT ON A
POLITICAL COMMUNITY; AND
EXPLAIN HOW POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AFFECT THE SOCIAL
AND POLITICAL LIFE OF FILIPINOS.
 POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES LESSON 2.
PART 1

DEFINED
 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
FIRST FORMAL USE OF IDEOLOGY WAS MADE BY CLAUDE
DESTUTT DE TRACY (1745-1836).
A SYSTEM OF BELIEFS, PERSPECTIVES, AND FRAMEWORKS ON
HOW A CERTAIN GROUP SOULD FUNCTION AND OPERATE.
A POLITICAL IDEOLOGY IS A CERTAIN SET OF ETHICALIDEALS,
PRINCIPLES,DOCTRINES,MYTHSORSYMBOLSOF A
SOCIAL MOVEMENT,INSTITUTION,CLASSOR LARGE GROUP
THAT EXPLAINS HOW SOCIETY SHOULD WORK, AND OFFERS
SOME POLITICAL AND CULTURAL BLUEPRINT FOR A CERTAIN
SOCIAL ORDER.
 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
GOAL-ORIENTED, MEANING THEY ARE FOR OR AGAINST A
CERTAIN CONFIGURATION OF APOLITICAL COMMUNITY. THEIR
APPLICATION HOWEVER ARE DEPENDENT UPON THE
DIFFERENT POLITICAL ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE AND
INSTITUTIONS.
A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to
allocatepowerand to what ends it should be used. Political
ideologies have two dimensions:
Goals: how society should be organized.
Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
 POLITICAL SPECTRUM
FREDRICK WATKINS SUGGESTED THAT IDEOLOGIES COME
FROM DIFFERENT POLITICAL EXTREMES SUCH AS THE
CONSERVATIVE (PRO STATUS QUO) ON ONE SIDE AND THE
RADICALS (ANTI STATUS QUO) ON THE EXTREME SIDE.
AP O L I T I C A L S P E C T R U M IS A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFYING
DIFFERENTPOLITICALPOSITIONS UPON ONE OR MORE
GEOMETRICAXESTHAT SYMBOLIZE INDEPENDENT POLITICAL
DIMENSIONS.
 POLITICAL SPECTRUM
LEFT RIGHT

The terms "Right" and "Left" refer to political affiliations originating early in
theFrench Revolutionaryera of 17891799, and referred originally to the
seating arrangements in thevarious legislative bodiesofFrance. As seen from
theSpeaker's seat at the front of the Assembly, thearistocracysat on the right
(traditionally the seat of honor) and thecommonerssat on the left, hence the
termsRight-wing politicsandLeft-wing politics.
 DIFFERENT
POLITICAL LESSON 2.
PART 2
IDEOLOGIES
 CONSERVATISM
CHARACTERIZED BY RESITANCE TO CHANGE , ADHERENT TO
LIMITED HUMAN FREEDOM AS IT CHOOSES TO MAINTAIN
TRADITIONAL VALUES,AND AT SOME EXTREME VERSIONS,
DISTRUST TO HUMAN REASONING AND NATURE OR ANTI-
EGALITARIANISM.
TRADITION MUST BE CONSERVED.
BELIEF IN PRAGMATISM.
VIEWS HUMAN IMPERFECTION.
SOCIAL POSITIONS AND STATUS
ARE ONLY NATURAL.

KEY
CONSERVATISM TENETS
 LIBERALISM
OPPOSITE OF CONSERVATSIM FOR IT FAVORS CHANGE,
PREFERS MORE FREEDOM, AND HAS A MORE OPTIMISTIC
APPROACH TO HUMAN REASONING AND NATURE.
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM ADHERES TO THE LAISSEZ-FAIRE
SYSTEM
MODERN LIBERALISM ACCEPT THE NEED OF LIMITED
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION.
BELIEF IN INDIVIDUALISM.
LIBERTY OF THE INDIVIDUAL MUST BE
PROTECTED.
REASON CAN LEAD INDIVIDUALS TO
MAKE WISE JUDGEMENTS, WHICH CAN
SOLVE ISSUES OR DIFFERENCES.
EQUALITY IMPLIES THAT INDIVIDUAL ARE
BORN EQUAL, AT LEAST IN MORAL TERMS
(NOT SOCIAL EQUALITY)
AUTHORITY AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
MUST BE BASED ON AGREEMENT OR
CONSENT. KEY
LIBERALISM TENETS
 MARXISM
Asystemof economic, social, and political philosophy
based on ideas that view socialchangein terms of
economic factors.
A central tenet is that the means of productionis the
economic basethat influences or determines the
political life.
Under marxism, outdatedclassstructures were
supposed to be overthrown withforce(revolution)
instead of being replaced through patient modification.
ALIENATION
CLASS STRUGGLE
MATERIALSIM
REVOLUTION

MAIN
CONC
EPTS
MARXISM
HISTORICAL MATERIALSIM
DIALECT
EXPLOTATION OF THE PROLETARIAT
BY THE CAPITALIST WOULD
DEVELOP CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
COMMUNIST SOCIETY

KEY
MARXISM TENETS
 SOCIALISM

a political and economic theory of social

organization that advocates that the means of
production, distribution, and exchange should
be owned or regulated by the community as a
whole.
Socialism is an economic system where the
factors of productionare owned equally by
everyone in the society.
BELEIEF IN THE COMMUNITY.
IDENTITY IS A PRODUCT OF SOCIAL
INTERACTION MORE THAN INNATE
QUALITIES.
BROTHERHOOD OR FRATERNITY.
PREFER COOPERATION RATHER THAN
COMPETITION.
SOCIAL EQUALITY. ERADICATING
INEQUALITIES IS DEEMED THE
PRIMARY GOALS.
COMMON OWNERSHIP KEY
SOCIALISM TENETS
 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

Social democracy, political ideologythat

originally advocated a peaceful evolutionary
transition of society fromcapitalismto
socialismusing established political
processes.
BALANCE BETWEEN THEMARKET
AND THE STATE
COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE
ACCEPTANCE OF CAPITALISM AND
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
ACCORDING TO MORAL THAN
MARKET PRINCIPLES.
CONCERNED WITH THE WEAK, THE
VULNERABLE AND THE UNDERDOG
KEY
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TENETS
 FASCISM
IS AN ULTRANATIONALIST IDEOLOGY. AS SUCH, IT
SUBSCRIBES TO THE IDEA OF A SUPREME RACE,
WHOSE MEMBERS SHOULD ENJOY THE NATURAL
RESOURCES. IT IS BY NATURE EXCLUSIVE AS IT
EXCLUDES NONMEMBERS OF THE RACE.
MANIFESTED DURING MUSOLINIS FASCIST
DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY AND HITLERS NAZI
DICTATORSHIP IN GERMANY.
 THE NEW MAN IS A FASCIST
IDEAL.
UNIFIED NATIONAL COMMUNITY OR
STRENGTH THROUGH UNITY.
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY IS NOT AS
IMPORTANT AS THAT OF THE SOCIAL
OR THE GROUP.

KEY
FAsCISM TENETS
 ANARCHISM
ANARCHIST BELIEVE THAT SINCE POWER
CORRUPTS, A BETTER SYSTEM BASED ON
VOLUNTARY COOPERATION AND NOT ON POWER
RELATIONS SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED AND THAT
THIS SYSTEMWILL ADDRESS THE NEED OF THE
PEOPLE.
 STATE OR POLITICAL AUTHORITY IS
SEEN AS BOTH EVIL AND
UNNECESSARY
STATELESS SOCIETY
INDIVIDUALS CAN BEST MANAGE
THEIR OWN AFFAIRS THROUGH
VOULNTARY AGREEMENT AND
COOPERATION.

KEY
ANARCHISM TENETS
 LIBERTARIANISM
ANOTHER VERSION OF ANARCHISM BUT
INVOLVES THE GOVERNMENT IN MINIMAL ROLE
SUCH AS ENSURING THE SAFETY OF EVERYONE
AND FAIRNESS IN WHATEVER CONTRACTS OR
DEALINGS.
 COMMUNISM
C o m m u n i s m , political and economic doctrine that aims to replace
privatepropertyand a profit-based economy with public ownership
and communal control of at least the major means of production
(e.g., mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of a
society. Communism is thus a form of socialisma higher and
more advanced form, according to its advocates.
As an ideology,communismis generally regarded as hard-left,
making fewer concessions to market capitalism and electoral
democracy than do most forms of socialism. As a system of
government, communism tends to center on a one-party state that
bans most forms of political dissent.
 TOTALITARIANISM
T o t a l i t a r i a n i s m , form of government that theoretically
permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate
all aspects of the individuals life to the authorityof the
government.
In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by
strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all
aspects of individual life through coercion and repression.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Marxism.html
https://
www.thebalance.com/socialism-types-pros-cons-examples-33
05592
https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism
http://
www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/100214/what-difference
-between-communism-and-socialism.asp