Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Module
2014
Dr. B. Grossman 0
Normal
Refracted
ray
f2
n2
Material boundary
n 1> n 2
n1 f1
f3
Incident
Reflected
ray
ray
n2
c sin 1
n1
n1 D core index
n2 D cladding index
0.1% -0.2%
3
Standard telecom Standard telecom and laser delivery
multimode
single mode
5
Analysis of Fiber Propagation- Ray Theory or E&M Theory
collimated
Diverging wavefront
2w~l
Refracted
n2 Cladding
ray
n
c Reflected
ray (TIR)
Core
a n1
Acceptance
Angle
Ray 2
n2 Cladding
Ray 1
a sin 1 n12 n22 Acceptance Angle in Air
RAY APPROACH 9
Wave Theory
Maxwells
equations:
+
Boundary conditions
results
solutions
For bounded medium, like fibers, only discrete values of = 1 , 2, .. n are allowed
2a 2 2
V n1 n2
l0
a - Core Radius
12
Results for single mode fibers
Gloge graph
axial 2a 2
core n1 V n1 n2 2
l
0
lowest modes
0.1(n1-n2)
Single mode
propagates
n1-n2
neff
1. Calculate V number
2. Draw vertical line at this V
3. See # of modes possible
highest modes 4. Calculate n for each mode
5. Determine v for each mode
clad n2
V=2.4
V
V < 2.4 single mode fiber, 2.4 < V < 12 few mode ,V >20 multi- mode fiber13
Number of Bound Modes
Multimode: V>>10: 100s of modes
Single mode : V<2.4 has one mode
Few mode: 2.4 < V < 8 2-6 modes (uses SM Fiber)
V >>10
Cylindrical waveguide (step profile) N = V2/2
Cylindrical waveguide (graded profile) N = V2/4
In fibers; N is proportional to the numerical aperture, NA
Example: For step index fiber with n1 = 1.46, n2 = 1.45, 2a = 50mm, and NA = 0.17. If
wavelength = 0.85mm, V = 31.5 and N 500. (D (n1 n2)/n1 = 0.01/1.46).
For V < 1
MUST use Gloge graph! At V, count modes and determine phase velocity
Comparison of ray and wave theory
results for fibers
Ray theory Wave theory
Critical angle Modes at all internal Modes at only certain
angles less than this will internal angles less than
propagate this will propagate
(Gloge graph)
(n1-n2) / 10
n1-n2
neff related to veff
Example:
for V= 2 and
fastest highest modes
n1= 1.5 n2= 1.49 n2
V=2.4
3.50(n1 n2 ) 3.50(1.5 1.49)
V
neff n2 1.49 1.493 2a 2
10 10 V n1 n2 2
3 108 l
veff 2.009377093 108 0 16
1.493
Example 2:
Solution:
2a
(i) V n12 n22
l0
(
2 1.374 106 1.52 1.4 2
(
1550 109
2.999 3
(ii) determine # of modes
On Gloge graph draw vertical line at V = 3 and # of points of
intersection = # of modes. Lower order modes are nearer core index
and higher order modes are nearer the cladding index
Since V = 3, # of modes = 2
18
1.5 1.4
neff1 1.4 7.25
10
(iii)
1.4725
n n
neff2 n2 x 1 2 ; where x is from graph' s y - axis
10
1.5 1.4
1.4 1.5
10
1.415
c
Veff
neff
(iv) 3 108
Veff1 2.03735144 108 m/s
1.4725
3 108
Veff 2 2.2101413427 108 m/s
1.415
(v) Acceptance angle for fiber
(
a sin 1 n12 n22 32 degrees
19
Practice Problem:
2.0 Repeat (i)- (v) for a = 200 m and all other parameters the same
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V depends on fiber fabrication parameters
and
the wavelength employed
2a
V n 2 n 2
l 1 2
0
In general
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In Class Practice Problems
1. What is the definition of D?
2. What type of index profile is used in single mode fibers? Multimode fibers?
3. An optical system has components that are ~ 3 cm in diameter and a slit. If the slit is 67 microns
wide, would you analyze it using wave or ray theory? What if the slit was 10 microns wide?
4. A graded index fiber has a V number of 30. N1 = 1.54, N2 = 1.5 . How many modes propagate?
Most of the modes propagate with what average phase velocity?
5. A link has an attenuation of 5 .0 dB/km. If 3 mw of light is input, how much power in mW
is output if the link is 2.0 km long?
6. A fiber has the following parameters: core index = 1.49, clad index = 1.48, core radius = 5 microns
and cladding = 125 microns. If we operate at 1300 nm wavelength, determine: n1-n2,
V, number of propagating modes, number of non propagating modes, Phase velocity of the first
order mode.
7. Repeat part 6 assuming the only difference are the core indices. Core index = 1.47,
cladding index = 1.48
8. True or false: I am willing for this to count as a graded quiz. Your choice will be honored.
9. My suggestions regarding the experiment to correct or improve it are:
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