Databases

Topic 7:
SQL 1

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Scope and Coverage

This topic will cover:
History and purpose of SQL
Basic concepts of SQL
Datatypes in SQL

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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Explain the purpose of SQL
Outline the basic concepts of SQL
Understand that there are different flavours of
SQL

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Objectives of SQL
Create the database and relation structures
Perform basic tasks such as inserts, updates and
deletes
Simple and complex queries

Structured Query Language

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Data Definition Language: DDL

For defining database structures and controlling access to data

CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX , CREATE SEQUENCE ,

GRANT ACCESS etc.

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Data Manipulation Language: DML

For retrieving and updating data

SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

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History of SQL - 1
Developed from IBMs SYSTEM R

The database standard language by 1970s...

First standard published in 1987 by ISO

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History of SQL - 2
Addition to standard published 1989
SQL 1992 Major revision SQL-92
SQL: 1999 - with object-relational features
SQL: 2003 - introduced concept of core SQL
SQL: 2006 user of SQL with XML
SQL: 2008 minor revisions.

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Data Manipulation Language: DML

For retrieving and updating data

SELECT retrieving
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE updating

Difference between INSERT and UPDATE?

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Literals
Insert into Student (Stu_id, First_name,
Last_name)
Values (1,Satpal,Singh);

- Non-numeric in single quotes

- Numeric NOT in quotes

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Select branchID, Count(staff_id)

From workers
Where branchType = Main
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID

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Which columns will appear?

Select branchID, Count(staff_id)

Which table?
From workers Condition
Where branchType = Main Groups by some column
Group by branchID Value

Having Count (staff_id) > 1 Restricts what will

Be grouped

Order by branchID
Specifies the order of the result

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Database Update
Insert

Update

Delete

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Insert
Insert into students (Student_id, first_name,
last_name)
Values (1,Satpal,Singh);

Insert into students

Values (1,Satpal,Singh,Overseas,Undergrad);

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Update
Update Students
Set Student_type = Undergrad;

Update Students
Set student_type = Undergrad
Where student_id = 1;

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Delete
Delete from Students;

Delete from Students

Where student_id = 1;

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Activity
Departments

Department_Id Integer

Department_Name varchar 30

Location varchar 30

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Departments
Department_Id Integer
Department_Name varchar 30
Location varchar 30

Insert into Departments

Values (8,Complaints,Glasgow):

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Commit;

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Rollback;

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Datatypes

What is a datatype?
u ch
r e m t
What is a domain? s a re n
pe iff e
ta ty y d L
Da cted b f SQ
ff e s o
a o u r
v
fla

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String Datatypes
Character or Char
Varying Character of Varchar
Bit (N)
Bit varying

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Char or Varchar
Gary__ a 6 long Char

Gary a 6 long varchar

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Numeric Datatypes
Numeric or Decimal, e.g. 8.23 with point set

Integer, e.g. 8

Float, e.g. 8.23 but could also be changed so that

point moves when needed

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Datetime Types
Date

Time

Timestamp

Interval

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Advantages of SQL
Universal

Easy to use

Fits (more or less) with relational model

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Disadvantages of SQL
Does not support all features of relational model

No one standard

Has had to be extended

Much redundancy possible to do the same thing

many ways

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Learning Outcomes Have We

Met Them?
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Explain the purpose of SQL
Outline the basic concepts of SQL
Understand that there are different flavours of
SQL

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References
Benyon-Davis, P. (2003). Database Systems, 3rd
edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Chapters 11, 12 & 13.
Connolly, T. & Begg, C. (2004). Database Systems:
A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation,
and Management, 4th Edition. Addison Wesley.
Chapters 5, 6 & 7.
Dietrich, S. W. (2001). Understanding Relational
Database Query Languages, 1st edition. Prentice
Hall. Chapter 5.

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Topic 7 SQL 1

Any Questions?

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