PWM F09

ME 4447/6405
October 29th, 2009
By:
Val Tocitu
Jason Kulpe
Alexandre Mariuzza
Presenter: Val Tocitu
Introduction and definitions
Types of PWM
Methods of generation
Characteristics of PWM
Applications and examples
Implementation on the HCS12
Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

10/29/2009 Jason Kulpe, Alex Mariuzza 2
What is it?
Output signal alternates between on and off within
specified period
Controls power received by a device
The voltage seen by the load is directly proportional
to the source voltage

Definitions
Duty Cycle: on-time / period
Vlow is often zero
VAVG DVHI (1 D)VLOW

Types of Pulse Width
Pulse center fixed, edges modulated
Leading edge fixed, tailing edge modulated
Tailing edge fixed, leading edge modulated
Pulse Width constant, period modulated

Types of Pulse Width

Analog Generation of PWM
Analog PWM signals can be made by combining a
saw- tooth waveform and a sinusoid
PWM output is
formed by the
intersection of
the saw-tooth
wave and
sinusoid

Digital Methods of Generating PWM
Digital: Counter used to handle transition
Delta : used to find the PWM at a certain limit
Delta Sigma: used to find the PWM but has advantage of
reducing optimization noise

Applications to DC Motors
The voltage supplied to a DC motor is proportional
to the duty cycle
Both brushed and brushless motors can be used
with PWM
Both analog and digital control techniques and
components are available

Three Phase AC motors with PWM
3 different AC currents at
different phases
Phase: 120 degrees apart
Creates constant power
transfer
Rotating magnetic field
Pulses substitute for AC
current

Space Vector Modulation
Used for three-phase AC motors
Convert DC current to AC current
Gates turned on/off at different intervals
3 PWM created

Motor Control Diagrams

Advantages of PWM
average value proportional to duty cycle, D
low power used in transistors used to switch
the signal
fast switching possible due to MOSFETS
and power transistors at speeds in excess
of 100 kHz
digital signal is resistant to noise
less heat dissipated versus using resistors
for intermediate voltage values

Disadvantages of PWM
Cost
Complexity of circuit
Radio Frequency Interference
Voltage spikes
Electromagnetic noise

Presenter: Jason Kulpe

Types of PWM

Applications of PWM
In the past, motors were controlled at intermediate
speed by using resistors to lower delivered power
Electric stove heater
Lamp dimmers
Voltage regulation convert 12 volts to 5 volts by
having a 41.7% duty cycle
Sound production: PWM controlled signals give
sound effects similar to a chorus
Power transfer: PWM used to reduce the total
power given to a load without relying on resistive
losses
PWM used with D/A conversion
commonly used in toys
lowpass filter smooths out transients from harmonic effects
frequency values of harmonics doesnt change, but the
amplitude does, which adjusts the analog output signal

PWM used to transmit data
in telecommunications
clock signal is found inside PWM signal
more resistant to noise effects than binary data alone
effective at data transmission over long distance transmission lines

Frequency of the PWM
Signal
Lower Limits Upper Limits
1. Must be at least 10 times higher 1. If too high the inductance of the
than the control system frequency motor causes the current drawn to
2. Higher than 20kHz audible be unstable
frequency of sounds to avoid 2. MOSFET transistor generates heat
annoying sound disturbances, during switching
caused by magnetostriction 3. Limited by resolution of controller
3. If too low the motor is pulsed, not 4. Eddy currents generated in
continuous, because the motors electromagnetic coils which lead to
inductance can not maintain the adverse heating
current 5. Heat losses in electromagnetic
4. Inverse of frequency should be materials is proportional to
much less than the motor/load time frequency squared
constant
5. Higher error from ripple voltages

Example: PWM with 555 Timer
Potentiometer is
used to adjust
the duty cycle

Example: Specifying circuit elements
Requirements
1. Maxon EC-16 brushless motor,
Time constant = 8.75 ms
1
8.5 ms f 117 Hz
f
2. Want to avoid audible frequencies
f 20 kHz
3. PID control loop running at 150 Hz
f 10 150 Hz
Example: Specifying circuit elements
This circuit has a

PWM frequency
according to:
1.44
f
R1C1
Check constraints
Set f to 25 kHz to add in a factor of safety
117 Hz
Choosing C1 to be 100 nF, R1 is 576 ~ 500
f 20 kHz
1.5 kHz
Recalculating with these values f = 28.8 kHz
Matlab can do PWM!
The procedure works similar

to the generation of analog
PWM using a sinusoid and
saw-tooth wave
Where can I buy a PWM controller?
Texas Instruments
Digikey
Mouser Electronics
H
Critical Velocity Motor Control
BIGGER
SMALL
U
Texas Instruments
TAS5508B
G
8-Channel Digital Audio
PWM Processor
64 pin chip, max 192 kHz 18 kHz frequency 120 amps, used for
E
frequency Continuous 28 amps hybrid vehicles
$7.25 $55.95 $469.00
Presenter: Alex Mariuzza

Types of PWM

PWM Implementation
The signal is outputted
through Port P
Six Channels
Dedicated Chip

PWM Module
Each channel has a
dedicated counter
Programmable duty
and period
Independently
adjustable clock,
polarity, and
alignment

PWM Module- Other Features
8-bit and 16-bit resolution supported
Two PWM channels can be concatenated together
Four source clocks (A, SA, B, SB)
Emergency Shutdown
Some changes take a complete cycle to be implemented
Modes of Operation:
Normal: everything is available
Wait: Low-power consumption and clock disabled
Freeze: Option to disable clock is available

PWM Configuration
Configured through
specific registers
Registers are located from
$00E0 to $00FE
There are repeated
registers (ex. 0013-0017)

PWM Enable Register
Located at $00E0
Code Warrior variable: PWME
Set PWMEx to 0 to disable the channel
Set PWMEx to 1 to enable it
Channel is activated when bit is set
If 16-bit resolution used, then PWME4/2/0 are deactivated

PWM Polarity Register
Located at $00E1
Code Warrior variable : PWMPOL
Set PPOLx to 0, signal goes from low to high
Set PPOLx to 1, signal goes from high to low

PWM Clock Select Register
Located at $00E2
Code Warrior variable : PWMCLK
Set PCLK5/4/1/0 to 0 to use clock A
Set PCLK5/4/1/0 to 1 to use clock SA
Set PCLK3/2 to 0 to use clock B
Set PCLK3/2 to 1 to use clock SB

PWM Prescaler Register
Located at $00E3
Variable: PWMPRCLK
Used to prescale clocks A and B
Bus Clock Frequency

Presclarer
Resolution PWM Frequency
Bus Clock Frequency
N
(2 1) PWM Frequency
PWM Scale A Register
Located at $00E8
Code Warrior variable: Clock A Frequency
Clock SA Frequency
PWMSCLA 2 PWMSCLA
Store a hexadecimal value
in order to change the clock
frequency of SA
Note: if set to $00,
PWMSCLA is set to 256

PWM Scale B Register
Located at $00E9
Code Warrior variable: Clock B Frequency
Clock SB Frequency
PWMSCLB 2 PWMSCLB
Store a hexadecimal value
in order to change the clock
frequency of SA
Note: if set to $00,
PWMSCLB is set to 256

PWM Center Align Register
Located at $00E4
Code Warrior variable: PWMCAE
Set CAEx to 0 for left align signal
Set CAEx to 1 for center align signal
Note: can only be set when channel is disabled

Signal Alignment
Signal changes when counter
is equal to period register
In the center aligned mode,
the PWM counter goes from a
down-count to a up-count to
down-count, etc.
In the left aligned mode, the
PWM counter is a up-counter
and rests to zero when it
overflows

PWM Control Register
Located at $00E5
Code Warrior variable: PWMCTL
Set CONxy to 0 to keep PWM channels separate (8-bit)
Set CONxy to 1 to concatenate PWM channels x and y together (16-
bit).
Channel y determines the configuration
x becomes the high byte and y becomes the low byte
Bits PSWAI and PFRZ set either wait or freeze mode
Changes only occur when channels are disabled
PWM Counter Register
Located at $00EC through $00F1

Code Warrior variable: PWMCNTx
One per channel
It tracks the cycle counts
It can be read
If written to, the count is reset to $00 and a up-count starts

PWM Period Register
Located at $00F2 through $00F7 Left-Aligned:

Variable: PWMPERx PWM Source Frequency
PWMPERx
Store a hexadecimal value to limit PWM Signal Frequency
maximum value of counter
Changes occur when: Center-Aligned:
Current period ends PWM Source Frequency
PWMPERx
Counter is written to 2 PWM Signal Frequency
Channel is disabled

PWM Duty Register
Located at $00F8 through $00FD

Code Warrior variable: PWMDTYx
Store a hexadecimal value to control when signal changes
Changes occur when:
Current period ends
Counter written to
Channel is disabled
Duty Cycle PWMPERx
Polarity = 0: PWMDTYx PWMPERx -
100
Duty Cycle PWMPERx
Polarity = 1: PWMDTYx
10/29/2009 100 44
PWM Shutdown Register
Located at $00FE
Code Warrior variable: PWMSDN
PWMENA: Enables and disables emergency shut down
PWMIF (Interrupt flag): Set when an input is detected in pin 5
PWMIE (Interrupt Enable): Enables and disables CPU interrupts
PWMRSTRT: Resets the counters
PWMLVL (Shutdown Output Level): Determines if output is high
or low when shutdown
PWM5IN (Input Status): Reflects status of pin 5
PWM5INL: Determines active level of pin 5 45
How it all works
Clock A, SA, B, or SB

Example
8 106
Desired Signal: Prescaler 8 3.91 4 PWMPRCLK $02
(2 1) 8 103
8 kHz PWM signal
8 106
Duty Cycle of 30%
4 2 106
PWMPER1 250 $FA
Left Aligned 8 103 8 103
Channel 1 30 250
PWMDTY1 250 - 175 $AF
Low High 100
8-bit channel
PWMCLK $00
PWMCAE $00
PWMPOL $00
PWMCTL $00
PWME $02

Assembly Code
PWME EQU $00E0
PWMPOL EQU $00E1
PWMCLK EQU $00E2
PWMPRCLK EQU $00E3
PWMCAE EQU $00E4
PWMCTL EQU $00E5
PWMPER1 EQU $00F3
PWMDTY1 EQU $00F9
ORG $1000
LDAA #$00
STAA PWMCLK ; Sets source clocks to clock A
STAA PWMPOL ; The signal goes from low to high
STAA PWMCTL ; Makes all channels 8-bit
STAA PWMCAE ; Signals are left aligned
LDAA #$FA
STAA PWMPER1 ; Sets the period to 250 clock cycles
LDAA #$AF
STAA PWMDTY1 ; Makes the duty cycle equal to 30%
LDAA #$02
STAA PWMPRCLK ; Sets the prescaler to 4
STAA PMWE ; Enables and starts channel 1

10/29/2009 48
C Code
#include <hidef.h> /* common defines and macros */
#include <mc9s12c32.h> /* derivative information */
#pragma LINK_INFO DERIVATIVE mc9s12c32
// Set up chip in expanded mode

MISC = 0x03;
PEAR = 0x0C;
MODE = 0xE2;
//Set up PWM Registrer

PWMCLK = 0; // Sets source clocks to clock A
PWMPOL = 0; // The signal goes from low to high
PWMCTL = 0; // Makes all channels 8-bit
PWMCAE = 0; // Signals are left aligned
PWMPER1 = 250; // Sets the period of the signal to 250 clock
PWMDTY1 = 175; // Makes the duty cycle equal to 30%
PWMPRCLK = 2; //Sets the prescaler to 4
PMWE = 2; //Enables and starts channel 1
.

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation
http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/How-To/PWM-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Cetinkunt, Sabri. Mechatronics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006. Print.
http://www.jimfranklin.info/microchipdatasheets/00538c.pdf
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_6/9.html
http://www.dprg.org/tutorials/2005-11a/index.html
http://www.4qdtec.com/pwm-01.html
http://skywalker.cochise.edu/rgill/ch02elec.ppt
http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/PWM_Modulation/
Matlab 2009 online documentation
http://www.epanorama.net/links/motorcontrol.html#ac
MC9S12C Family, MC9S12GC Family Reference Manual, (pp. 347-382)

Questions?


PWM F09

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ME 4447/6405

October 29th, 2009

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

VAVG DVHI (1 D)VLOW

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Introduction and definitions

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

This circuit has a

The procedure works similar

Introduction and definitions

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Bus Clock Frequency

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Located at $00EC through $00F1

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Located at $00F2 through $00F7 Left-Aligned:

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Located at $00F8 through $00FD

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

// Set up chip in expanded mode

//Set up PWM Registrer

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

Pulse Width Modulation - Val Tocitu,

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