Comparative

Anatomy
Vertebrate
Classification
Fish Evolution
Note Set 3
Chapter 3
 Vertebrate Classification

Figure 4.1

Geological eras of
early vertebrates
Paleozoic (oldest)
Mesozoic

 Cambrian Period
Ostracoderms- first
vertebrates, shell skinned
Class Agnatha- jawless fish
No paired fins (a)
Bony exoskeleton with

dermal armor
Ex: hagfish and lampreys
(b)

Figure 4.2: (a) ostracoderm, (b)

(c) ostracoderm, and (c) lamprey.
Jawed fish evolved from
Ostracoderms in Silurian
period
 Lower vs. Higher
Organisms
Echinoderm-like
organism
(deuterostomes) gave
rise to vertebrates (a)
Deuterostomes-
blastopore gives rise
to anus
Protostomes-
blastopore gives rise
to mouth
(b)
Figure 4.3- (a) protostomes and (b) deuterostomes.
 Placoderms
Class Placodermii
Jawed and paired fins
Bony dermal
exoskeleton; armored
fish
1st jaws were large Figure 4.4- Armored fish
Jawed fishes gave rise to
all other fishes
Age of fishes- Devonian
Period
Figure 4.5- mandibular (ma) and hyoid
(hy) arches
develop in gnathostomes into
palatoquadrate (pq) and Meckels (Mc)
 Fish Evolution

(a) (b)

Figure 4.6: (a) jawless

fish, (b) early jawed fish,
and (c) modern jawed fish (c)
 Placoderms

Anadromous- fish
move to freshwater
to breed
Catadromous- fish
move from
freshwater to breed
Hypothesized
function of bone- to
provide calcium for
muscle contraction
Figure 4.7: Craniates through geological
time.
 Fish

Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous
skeleton
Bone remains in
scales- placoid
scales
Teeth are
modified scales
Ex: sharks, rays,
Figure 4.8: Shark
skates
 Tail Type
Heterocercal- vertebral axis
curves upward; two
asymmetrical lobes (dorsal
portion larger)
More primitive, some bony fish
Ex: sharks
Homocercal- symmetrical
dorsal and ventral lobes
Most common
Ex: perch
Diphycercal- spear shaped
Figure 4.9
Ex: lungfish, crossepterygians
 Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
(ray-finned)
Chondrostei- most
primitive; heterocercal
tail
Ex: sturgeon, paddlefish,
Polypterus
Holostei- dominant in
past; heterocercal tail
Ex: gar, bowfin Figure 4.10- us lionfish
(actinopterygian).
Teleostei- dominant today;
homocercal tail
Majority of all fish
 Figure 4.11

Evolutionary relationship of
vertebrates with jaws
(gnathostomata) to those with bony
skeleton (osteichthyes)
 Class Osteichthyes
Subclass
Sarcopterygii (fleshy
or lobe finned)
3 genera of lungfish
appeared on 3
separate continents
Continental Drift
Torpidity- inactivity;
hibernation Figure 4.12: Aestivation; fish burrows int
Aestivation- burrow mud until rain returns.

through dry season

Order Dipnoi
Order Crossopterygii
 Order Crossopterygii
Living fossil
Species thought to
be extinct until
coelacanth
(Latimeria)
Found off coast of
South Africa in 1938
Separate species
discovered off
Indonesia in 1999
Figure 4.13: Global
locations of coelacanth
discoveries.
 Coelacanth

Figure 4.14: Coelacanth in Indian Ocean.

 Coelacanth

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16- Africas Sunday Times.

 Figure 4.17:
Labyrinthodont

Crossopterygiians (lobe-finned fish) gave

rise to Labyrinthodonts (early amphibians)
in Devonian Period
 Linking Evidence
Skulls
Parietal foramen
Crossoterygii
skull shows place
for third eye
Third (pineal) eye Figure 4.18: Crossopterygii sku
visible in young
tuatara reptiles
Tooth structure
Labyrinthodont
tooth

Figure 4.19: Grooved tooth.

 Linking Evidence
Limbs evolved
Vertebrae
Girdles similar
Fins skeletal
composition exhibits
homology with early
amphibians
Amphibian diversity
during Carboniferous
Figure 4.20
period
Toward reptiles, Anura,
Caudata, and Apoda

Figure 4.21
 Amphibian
Characteristics
1st to possess cervical vertebrae
Lost scales
Primitive frogs have dermal scales
Anamniotic eggs
3 chambered heart
Metamorphosis
10 pairs of cranial nerves
2 occipital condyles
 Apoda

Caecilians
Long and slim;
segmented rings
Dermal bones
(scales) embedded
in annuli
Figure 4.22
 Literature Cited
Figure 4.1- http://custance.org/Library/Volume2/Part_V/Chapter2.html
Figure 4.2(a)- http://www.alientravelguide.com/science/biology/life/ostracod.htm
Figure 4.2(b)- http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/courses/bio204/lab5_photos.htm
Figure 4.2(c)-http://www.ohiodnr.com/dnap/rivfish/ohiolamp.html
Figure 4.3- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution.
McGraw Hill, 2002.
Figure 4.4- http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/placodermi.html
Figure 4.5- http://www.origins.tv/darwin/jaws.htm
Figure 4.6-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html
Figure 4.7- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the
Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 4.8- http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F04_17.html
Figure 4.9- http://departments.juniata.edu/biology/vertzoo/fish_lab.htm
Figure 4.10- http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/vertevol.html
Figure 4.11- http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/eltsite01/reading/eltsysex/sysq6.gif
Figure 4.12- http://malawicichlids.com/mw11001a.htm
Figure 4.14- Gorr, Thomas and Traute Kleinschmidt. Evolutionary Relationships of the
Coelacanth. American Scientist. Vol. 81, No. 1: Sigma Xi, 1993.
Figure 4.13 &115- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/302368.stm
Figure 4.16- http://www.suntimes.co.za/specialreports/zimbabwe/?MenuItem=s0
Figure 4.17- http://faculty.uca.edu/~benw/biol4402/lecture8c/img016.jpg
Figure 4.18- http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.html
Figure 4.19- http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/biomedia/gallery/labyrinthodont.htm
Figure 4.20-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html
Figure 4.21- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes1.htm
Figure 4.22- http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/aw/lists/Caeciliidae.shtml