Session 1

Prof. M. N. Sahoo
Dept. of CSE, NIT Rourkela
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 Reference Books

Programming with C++ by John R Hubbard, 2nd Ed

Object Oriented Programming in C++ by Robert Lafore, 4th Ed

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 Session Objectives
Define the structure of a C++ program

Identify the standard input and output functions

Use comments, width() and endl

Execute a c++ program in linux environment

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 Programs
A program can be defined as a set of instructions, which tell
a computer what to do in order to serve the requirements of
the user.

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Evolution Of C++

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 C++ Program Structure
Let us see a simple C++ program -
#include <iostream.h>
Using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout<< Hello there !!!;
}

The above program prints the following message on your screen

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 # include . statement
The # include statement is the first statement in any C++ program.

It is the most fundamental set of instructions, which is required for

writing any C++ program.

The # notation at the beginning of the statement indicates that the

following instruction is a special instruction to C++.

It establishes a reference to the header file.

It is termed as a preprocessor directive.

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 namespace
namespace is named group of definitions

cout is an output stream object defined in namespace std

so cout object can be accessed as std::cout

e.g. std::cout << Hello there !!!;

The using namespace std; tells compiler to apply prefix std::

to any object or function of std, if referred inside the current
scope

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 The main() function
Functions can be defined as a group of program statements.

The execution of every program in C++ begins with the function

main().

It marks the starting point of execution of the program.

This is a special name recognized by the system under which C++

runs.

The main() function is thus the centralized point for all processing
in a C++ program.

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 Processing Statements
The statement declaring the main() function is followed by the
symbol {.
The right brace } indicates the end of the main() function.
All processing statements related to the main() function
should be defined within the curly braces.
The area within the braces is defined as the body of the function.

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 Header Files
Header files are used to enable the feature of reusability of program
code.

The function present in a library can be used through a header file

without having access to its actual code structure.

To enable this feature you need to include a declaration of the

function, contained in a .h file, called the header file

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 Input / Output
Input is the process of retrieving data from an input device - Keyboard
Output is the process of transmitting data to an output device - Monitor

The I / O operations in C++ involve moving bytes from devices to

memory and vice versa in a consistent and reliable manner.

using namespce std;

int

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 Standard Input Streams
The following object, in combination with its corresponding insertion
operator performs input in C++.

The insertion operator is

The object used with the cin
corresponds to statement
the standard for the input to be
input stream. redirected to the memory.
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 Standard Output Streams
The following object, in combination with its corresponding extraction
operator performs output in C++.

The extraction operator is

The object used with the cout
corresponds to the statement
standard output for the output to be
stream. redirected to the monitor.
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 Cascading I / O Operators
The input and output streams can be used in combination and this
method of using I / O streams is referred to as Cascading of I / O
operators.

using namespce std;

int

cout << \nEnter your age and salary : ;

cin >> age >> salary;

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 Formatting In C++ - 1
Output in C++ can be formatted using special characters associated
with the cin and cout statements.
Example :

using namespce std;

int

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 Formatting In C++ - 2

Output :

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Formatting Functions In C++ - 1

This function inserts a new line.

It clears the current output stream of any existing data.

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Formatting Functions In C++ - 2

The width function used by the output stream is used to

indicate the current output stream width.

It is also used to modify the output stream width.

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 Certain Essentials - 1
The essential components of a program construct are -

Functions are defined to break up large tasks into smaller tasks

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 Certain Essentials - 2

Delimiters { } are used to delimit blocks of code in loops and

functions.

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 Certain Essentials - 3

Each code instruction in C++ must be terminated with a semi-

colon (;).

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 Certain Essentials - 4

Comments can be single line comments (//) or multiple line

comments (/* */)

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 Executing a C++ program in Linux Environment

Write the program in VI or VIM editor.

Save the file with .cpp extension. (e.g add.cpp)
Compile the file in the $ prompt with the command g++.
e.g. g++ add.cpp
After the successful compilation, see the output by
./a.out

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