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volume W pdV p dV p V
Vi Vi
f Vi .
Vf
W = 1180 J
19-6: A quantity of ideal gas at 10.0 0C and 100 kPa occupies a
volume of 2.50 m3. (a) How many moles of the gas are present?
(b) If the pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature
to 30.0 0C, how much volume does the gas occupy?
(a) n
pV
100 10 Pa 2.50m
3 3
106 moles
RT 8.31J / mol K 283K
p fVf Tf
(b)
piVi Ti
pi T f
V f Vi 3
p T
0.892 m
f i
19-9: Suppose 1.80 mole of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of
3.00 m3 to a volume of 1.50 m3 via an isothermal compression at 30
0C. (a)How much energy is transferred as heat during the
V f
Q =nRT ln
Vi
1.8
Q 1.80 8.31J / mol.K 273 30 K ln
3
Q 3 /14 x103 J
19-11: Suppose 0.825 mol of an ideal gas
undergoes an isothermal expansion as energy is
added to it as heat Q. The figure shows the final
volume Vf versus Q, what is the gas temperature ?
(The scale of the vertical axis is set by Vfs=0.30
m3, and the scale of the horizontal axis by
Qs=1200 J).
The molecule travels to the back wall, collides and comes back. The time it takes is 2L/vx.
p 2mvx mvx2
But the pressure is F/A t 2 L / vx L
Fx 1 n mvxi2 m n 2
p 2 3 vxi If we calculated the average velocity (vx2 )avgand
A L i 1 L L i 1 use the fact that the number in the sum is nNA
then:
v 2 vx2 vy2 vz2
p
nmN A 2
(vx )avg
nM (vx2 )avg
2
vrms (v 2 ) avg
L 3
V v
vx2
nM (v 2 )avg nMvrms 2 3
3V 3V RMS = Root-Mean-Square
M ---Molar mass
RMS Speeds
We have p
nM v 2
ave
3V
3RT
vrms
M
(a)
5 11 32 67 89
navg 40.8
5
(b)
1 n 2 5 2 112 32 2 67 2 89 2
(n 2 )avg ni 2714.41
n i 1 5
(n 2 )avg 52.1
Problem 19-18: Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms at 1000K.
Helium has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, what is the molar mass?
At a given temperature T all ideal gas molecules, no matter what their mass,
have the same average translational kinetic energy. When we measure the
temperature of a gas, we are also measuring the average translational
kinetic energy of its molecules.
Problem 19-26: What is the average translational kinetic
energy of nitrogen molecules at 1600 K?
3 3
K avg
2 2
kT 1.38x10 23 J 1600K 3.31x10 20 J
Molar Specific Heat: Monatomic Ideal Gas
Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Wby=0)
Q nCV T & Wby 0
Eint Q nCV T Always true if
V = constant
3
CV ,monatomic R 12.5 J/mol K
2
Molar Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Wby=pV)
E int Q W nCp T pV
nCV T nCp T nRT
CV C p R or C p CV R
5
C p,monatomic R 20.8 J/mol K
2
Molecular Specific heat Constant Volume CV
Eint nCV T
A change in internal energy of a
confined ideal gas depends on the
gas temperature only.
3
Eint nRT (Monoatomic gas only)
2
Work Done by Isothermal (T = 0)
Expansion/Compression of Ideal Gas
On p-V graph, the green lines are isotherms
each green line corresponds to a system at a constant temperature.
From ideal gas law, this means that for a given isotherm:
1
pV constant p nRT Relates p and V
V
gas is then:
The work done by the V f
Wby,isothermal nRT ln
T =0 Vi
Vf Vf
nRT V
dV f
p
Wby pdV
d
V nRT
Vi Vi
V V V i
nRT ln i
p f