Sie sind auf Seite 1von 45

BASIC FIRST AID

OBJECTIVES:
Introduction

Every one should know something about first aid as you never know when you may be called upon
to use it.

At the most unexpected of times, accidents could occur, involving loved ones, close relatives or total
strangers.

Whoever is in need of help, you should be in a position to offer first aid.


WHAT IS FIRST AID?

is the immediate medical assistance given to an injured person, within the


available resources before getting to a qualified medical help.
DOES NOT take the place of proper medical treatment.
Legal Considerations
Implied Consent involves an unresponsive victim in a life-threatening
condition.
It is assumed or implied that an unresponsive victim would consent to
lifesaving help.
Only perform First Aid assistance for which you have been trained.
To Prolong/Sustain life

To Prevent/Alleviate suffering

To Prevent secondary complications/ futher injury or


danger

To Promote speedy recovery


DOS DONTs

Before handling the casualty use: First Aider can never

Mask
Gloves Prescribe Medicine
Head Cover Declare Death
Apron
Observer

Listen

Feel

Talk

Touch

Provide

Build Trust
To assess a situation quickly & safely & call for appropriate help

To identify the level of injury or the nature of the illness affecting the
casualty/victim

To give early and appropriate treatment in a sensible order of priority

To make & pass on a report, & give further help if required


Assess the Situation

Safety of yourself & the casualty.

Assess the casualty

Treat the Casualty

Arrange removal of casualty to hospital or safe area.

Write a Report / Communicate the status.


Call for Help 2

Calmly Take Charge 3

Check the scene & the causality (1)

Carefully apply First Aid 4


INITIAL ASSESSMENT

Goal of the initial assessment:


Visually determine whether there are life-threatening or other serious problems
that require quick care.
Breathing
Bleeding
Shock
Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and shout. Check for ABC as indicated:
A = Airway Open? Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
B = Breathing? Look, listen, and feel.
C = Circulation? Check for signs of circulation.
Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be changed. It takes less than a
minute to complete, unless first aid is required at any point.
DANGER

RESPONSE

AIRWAY

BREATHING

CIRCULATION
To Yourself

To Others

To Casualty
Gently Shake & Shout at the casualty

Is the casualty alert?

Is the casualty drowsy or confused ?

Is the casualty unconscious, but reacting ?

Is the casualty unconscious with no reaction ?

If unconscious, place the casualty in the stable side position.


Is the airway open & clear ?

Is there noisy breathing ?

Are the Potential obstruction such as blood etc ?

If so , open & clear the airway!


Head tilt/chin lift
Look for chest movements

Listen for sounds of breathing

Feel for breathes on your cheek

If not breathing give 2 rescue breathes.


Breathing

Look, Listen & feel for Breathing Is chest moving ? If not give 2 breathes
Is there a carotid pulse ?

Is it strong ?

Is it regular ?

Is there major blood loss ?

IF NO PULSE PRESENT THEN START


CPR (CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION)
CIRCULATION

Check for circulation Is there a pulse ? Place two fingers in groove of neck.
Giving First Aid can be dangerous.

Always be careful for your personal safety.

Do Not Put Yourself @ Risk


Scene Survey

When confronted with an accident or illness on duty it is important to assess


the situation to determine what kind of emergency situation you are dealing
with, for your safety, the victims safety and that of others.
Do a quick survey of the scene that includes looking for three elements:
Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim, or bystanders.
The cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness.
The number of victims.
Note: This survey should only take a few seconds.
VICTIM ASSESSMENT

Assessment Sequence Components:


If victim is responsive
Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
experiencing.
Check and provide first aid for these complaints
as well as others that may be involved.
If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or
incoherent).
Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness:
Check from head to toe
Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness
observed.
HYPERVENTILATION
- excessive breathing, causes a reduction of
carbon dioxide concentration (below normal)
of the blood.
HYPERVENTILATION

CAUSES:
Stress or anxiety
Consequence of lung diseases, head injuries or stroke

TREATMENT:
When speaking to casualty, be firm but kind
If possible, lead the casualty to a quiet place where he may be better able to
regain control of his breathing
FAINTING

- brief loss of consciousness that is


caused by a temporary reduction of blood
flow to the brain.
FAINTING

CAUSES:
Taking in too little food and fluids (dehydration)
Low blood pressure
Lack of sleep
Over exhaustion

TREATMENT:
Lay casualty down, and slightly elevate legs
Make sure she has plenty of fresh air
As she recovers, reassure her and help her sit up gradually
Look for and treat any injury that has been sustained through falling
Shock

occurs when the circulatory system fails, and insufficient oxygen reaches the
tissues. If the condition is not treated quickly, vital organs can fail, ultimately
causing death. Shock is made worse by fear and pain.
This can be as the result of:
Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding or other circulatory system problem.
Loss of fluid due to dehydration or excessive sweating.
Trauma (injury)
Occurrence of an extreme emotional event.
Basic First Aid for Wounds

What to Do:
Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
Control bleeding
Clean wounds
To prevent infection
Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water

Severe wound?
Clean only after bleeding has stopped
Basic First Aid for Wounds

Wound Care
Remove small objects that do not flush out by irrigation with sterile tweezers.
If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the body)
Keep dressings dry and clean
Change the dressing daily, or more often if it gets wet or dirty.
Bleeding Control

Control Methods For External Bleeding:


Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
Wear medical exam gloves (if possible)
Place a sterile gauze pad or a clean cloth over wound

Elevation injured part to help reduce blood flow.


Combine with direct pressure over the wound (this will allow you to attend to other
injuries or victims).

If bleeding continues, apply pressure at a pressure point to slow blood flow.


Pressure point locations:
Brachial (Top of elbow)

Femoral (Inside upper thigh)


Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:
Signs of internal bleeding:

Bruises or contusions of the skin


Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
Vomiting or coughing up blood
Stools that are black or contain bright red blood
What to Do:
For severe internal bleeding, follow these steps:

Monitor ABCs (Airway Breathing Circulation)


Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. (This will help prevent expulsion of vomit from
stomach, or allow the vomit to drain and also prevent the victim from inhaling vomit).
Treat for shock by raising the victims legs 8 12
Seek immediate medical attention
Shock

Shock can be divided into 4 types:


Hypovolemic shock
caused by the loss of blood volume (such as through
bleeding) or profound dehydration
Cardiogenic shock
a result of a weakened heart that is unable to pump
blood as efficiently as it once did. Commonly occurs
after a massive heart attack
Distributive shock
a result of the lack of distribution of blood to the
organs
Obstructive shock
results from an obstruction to blood flow at a site
other than the heart
SHOCK
TREATMENT:
P.E.L.C.R.N. (Pronounced Pell-Crin)
Position the casualty on their back
Elevate the Legs
Raise the victims legs 8 12 to allow the blood to drain from the legs back to the heart.

Loosen clothing at neck waist or wherever it is binding


Climatize (prevent too hot or too cold)
Prevent body heat loss by putting blankets and coats under and over the victim

Reassure (keep the casualty calm)


Notify medical personnel (Help, Get a medic!!)
BEE/HORNET STING

SYMPTOMS:
Redness and swelling in injured area

TREATMENT:
Remove stinger as fast as possible
Reduce pain and swelling with cold compress
CRAMPS
Cramps are painful sensations caused by contraction or
over shortening, usually of muscles.
CAUSES:
Cold or overexertion

TREATMENT:
Stretch the muscle and apply heat or cold (preferably heat)
Cramps from lack of salt and water: Stretch the muscle, drink water and
increase salt intake
CHOKING
Choking is the mechanical obstruction of the flow
of air from the environment into the lungs.
CAUSES:
Introduction of foreign object into airway, which becomes
stuck
Respiratory diseases
Compression of airway (e.g. Strangling)
CHOKING

Signs and Symptoms


Person is not able to breath or talk
due to obstruction, choking sign
given, distressed, and panic.
Hands wrapped around the neck is
universal sign for choking.
CHOKING
TREATMENT:
Encourage victim to cough
Back slaps: Use of hard blows with heel of the hand on the upper back of the
victim
Abdominal thrusts: Standing behind the victim and using hands to exert
pressure on bottom of the diaphragm (May result in injuries like bruises or
fracture of ribs)
Heimlich Maneuver
BURNS

DEGREE OF BURN
First degree burn:
This involves only the outermost layer of skin and is characterized by redness,
swelling and tenderness.

Second degree burn:


Any 1% burn affecting layers of the epidermis, giving rise to rawness, blisters
and the presence of a clear fluid. Can be fatal if it affects over 60% of the body.

Third degree burn:


All the layers of the skin are burned and there maybe be some damage to the
nerves, fat tissue and muscles. Skin may look waxy, pale or charred. Purple fluid is
observed and no pain is felt by casualty. Urgent medical attention is required.
MINOR BURNS
(FIRST DEGREE BURNS)
TREATMENT:
Rinse the injured part with cold water for at least 10 minutes to stop burning
and relieve pain
Gently remove any jewelry, watches, belts or constricting clothing from
injured area before it begins to swell
Cover area with sterile dressing, or any clean, non-fluffy material and
bandage loosely in place.
NOTE: Cold burns should not be rinsed with cold water and cold water should
never be applied to anyone with extensive burns.
SEVERE BURNS
(SECOND AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)
TREATMENT:
Lay the casualty down and protect the burnt area from contact with the
ground if possible
Rinse burn with plenty of cold water for at least 10 minutes or use burn-
cooling gel
Arrange for casualty to be sent to the hospital
While cooling the burn, watch for signs of difficulty in breathing and be ready
to resuscitate if necessary
SEVERE BURNS
(SECOND AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)
Remove any rings, watches, belts, shoes or burning clothing from injured area
before it begins to swell
Remove burnt clothing, unless it is sticking to the burn
Cover dressing with sterile dressing or some other suitable material to
prevent infection and germs (this is not necessary if burn is on face)
Do NOT burst any blisters, touch infected area or apply any lotions to the
injury as this will retain heat within the burn.
ELECTRIC SHOCKS
(LOW-VOLTAGE CURRENTS)
Break contact of electric source with casualty by switching off mains or meter
point (Only if it is safe for you to do so)
If unable to reach cable, stand on insulating material e.g. plastic mat,
wooden box and push casualtys limbs away from source with a broom or stick
Do not touch the person until the power supply is turned off
Be careful in areas that are wet

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen