Final Presentation On

Networks
 Network Topology:

Star Topology Most common Ethernet network topology where

each device connects to a central hub or switch.
Ring Topology Network that is physically wired like a star network
but, logically in a ring; passes control from one device to the next in a
continuous fashion using a special data packet called a token. Used in
Token Ring networks.
Bus Topology Network wherein all devices connect to a single cable.
If the cable fails, the network is down.
Mesh Topology Network where all devices connect to each other by
cabling to provide link redundancy for maximum fault tolerance. Most
likely in WANs.
 Network Standards

Network standards are important to ensure

that hardware and software can work together.
Without standards you could not easily
develop a network to share information.
Networking standards can be categorized in
one of two ways:
Formal and de facto (informal).
 Formal standards
Formal standards are developed by industry
organizations or governments. Formal standards exist
for network layer software, data link layer, hardware
and so on.

For example, there are formal standards for

applications such as Web browsers (e.g., HTTP,
HTML), for network layer software (e.g., IP), data link
layer software (e.g., Ethernet IEEE 802.3), and for
physical hardware (e.g., V.90 modems).
 Organizations or Informal standards
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

The second category of networking standards is de facto standards.

Emerge in the marketplace
Supported by technology vendors
Have no official backing
For example, Microsoft Windows is a de facto standard, but is not
formally recognized by any standards organization. It is simply
widely recognized and accepted.
 Network Models
Network Models

To simplify networks, everything is separated

in layers and each layer handles specific tasks
and is independent of all other layers.
The two most widely recognized network
models include the TCP/IP Model and the
OSI Network Model.
 The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model

The Open System Interconnect (OSI) is an

open standard for all communication systems.
The OSI model defines a networking
framework to implement protocols in seven
layers.
 Physical layer

The unit of communication at the physical

layer is a bit.

011 ... 101

01
1.
..
10
1

011 ... 101 011 ... 101

 Data link layer

The unit of communication at the data link

layer is a frame.

D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr

H2

D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame
 Network layer
The unit of communication at the network
layer is a datagram.

D3 H3
Datagram

D3 H3
Datagram
 Transport layer
The unit of communication at the transport
layer is a segment, user datagram, or a
packet, depending on the specific protocol
used in this layer.

D4 H4
Segment

D4 H4
 Application layer

The unit of communication at the

application layer is a message.

D5 D5
Message
 The TCP/IP model

The TCP/IP network model is a four-layer

reference model. All protocols that belong to
the TCP/IP protocol suite are located in the top
three layers of this model.
 Internet and World Wide Web
Internet is a network of interconnected
computers that is now global
Internet born in 1969 - called ARPANET
1969 ARPANET was connection of computers
at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, Univ. of Utah
 Internet - 1970s
1972 - Telnet developed as a way to connect
to remote computer
1972 Email introduced
1977 - U. Wisconsin has first large Email system -
100 users
1973 - ARPANET goes international
1973 - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) established
 Internet - 1980s
1984 - Domain Name Server introduced
allows naming of hosts, no longer numeric
1986 - NSFNET created
in 1990, becomes backbone of modern Internet
when ARPANET is decommissioned
Completely privatized by 1995
56 K interconnection initially, increased rapidly
 Internet 1990s
1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide
Web!
TBL is computer programmer at CERN, a physics
lab in Europe (book Weaving the Web by TBL)
 World Wide Web
Via Internet, computers can contact each
other
Public files on computers can be read by
remote user
usually HyperText Markup Language (.html)
URL - Universal Resource Locator - is name of
file on a remote computer
Applications of computer networks
A Network application is any application running on
one host and provides a communication to another
application running on a different host.
A network will comprise of software and hardware
devices.
You can have a network even if you are not
connected to the internet. Computer networks make
it possible for people to transfer files from one place
to another and to communicate taking the shortest
time possible.
 Email programs
They allow users to type
messages at their local
nodes and then send to
someone on the network.
It is a fast and easy way of
transferring mail from one
computer to another.
 File transfer protocol (FTP):

This application facilities transfer of files from one computer

to another e.g. from a client to a server. There are 2 common
processes involved in FTP

Downloading: - This is the process of obtaining files from a

server to a workstation or a client (for example when you
download programs and music from a server).
Uploading:- This is obtaining of files from a workstation to
a server (for instance when you attach documents and
upload them to a server, a good example being when you
upload photos to Facebook).
 Groupware:

These applications are used to automate the

administration functions of a modern office
for instance video conferencing and chatting.
They facilitate the work of groups and improve
on their productivity; they can be used to
communicate, co-operate, coordinate, solve
problems, compete, negotiate among others.
 i. Video Conferencing:

This is the process of conducting a conference between two

or more participants at different sites by using computer
networks to transmit audio and video data. For example,
a point-to-point (two-person) video conferencing system
works much like a video telephone.
Each participant has a video camera, microphone, and
speakers mounted on his or her computer. As the two
participants speak to one another, their voices are carried
over the network and delivered to the others speakers, and
whatever images appear in front of the video camera appear
in a window on the other participants monitor
 ii. Chatting
It is a real-time communication between two
users via computer. Once a chat has been
initiated, either user can enter text by typing
on the keyboard and the entered text will
appear on the other users monitor. The two
must be online for a chat to be initiated.
 Stand Alone Applications
These are applications that run on stand
alone computers (computers not connected
to any other). In order to extend their activity,
they are rebuild to run on network
environments e.g. word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems,
presentations graphics, project management
etc. They function even when the computer is
offline.