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Radar
Radar
The measurement of the time that that pulse takes to travel out
and return to the scanner is directly proportional to the range of the
object that reflected the pulse
Radar
How does it Work
The better the reflection back the
better the target
Echo returning pulse
Targets images resulting from
echoes
Radar and use it!
Radar Horizon
Radar can only see as far as the radar horizon, very slightly further
than the visual horizon
Objects (targets) beyond the curve of the earth of the radar sight
line remain out of view
Radar
Radar Horizon
The radar horizon is very slightly further than the visual horizon
Range improves with height of scanner
Radar
Most small vessels use range of 3 nautical miles or less
Produces fuzzy or granulated images, based on the
radar waves that get reflected back - no reflection - no
trace on the display
Images on a radar screen do not precisely correspond
with the size and shape of scanned objects
Origin of the radar trace is the radar scanner of your
vessel
Radar
Radar Range
The range of the display is the distance from the centre of the screen
to the top in nautical miles
The ranges available include 0.75 nm, 1.5 nm, 3 nm, 6 nm, 12 nm
Radar
Radar Range
3 nm
Radar
Heads Up vs North Up
Most RCM-SAR vessels do not have an accurate compass feed such
as a gyro compass.
Therefore it is strongly recommended that the radar display is
always set on Head Up mode
What is seen on the top of the radar is what is ahead
Bearings seen are relative to own vessels bow
Heads Up v North Up
Radar
Heads Up vs North Up
Radar
The electronic bearing line (EBL) is a radial line extending from the
origin (own ship) that can be set to any bearing
It can be used for ascertaining the relative bearing of a target.
When at speed, it has the greatest accuracy ahead and astern, and
prone to the greatest errors on the beam
Radar
Range Rings
Range Rings
Radar
Collision Avoidance
Radar
Relative Motion
When your vessel is moving, the image of the radar screen will be
constantly changing as you move relative to the land and other
vessels
Other vessels direction and speed are relative to your own course
and speed
Objects that stand still on the radar screen are other vessels that
match your speed and direction
Radar
Relative Motion
Only when you are stopped will you be able to accurately
determine another vessels true course and speed
Radar
Risk of Collision
Use the electronic bearing line (EBL) to place over the target on
the screen
If your vessels keep its course and speed, and the target comes
down the EBL a risk of collision exists
The quicker a target come down the EBL, the sooner a close
quarter situation will be
Radar
Risk of Collision
Radar
Risk of Collision
Collision Avoidance
On a heads up display:
When your vessel turns, all of the objects on the display will rotate
relative to you and will appear to move in the opposite direction
When your vessel changes speed,other boats will acquire a new
motion relative to you.
If another boat changes direction or speed, the display will not
change, only the relative motion of that boat
Radar
Guard Zone
The VRM can also be used to set up
a guard zone as an area around ones
own vessel into which we do not want
another vessel to come
Radar
Radar Navigation
The biggest skill with radar is to match what you see on the radar
display with regards land and navigational aid targets, to that which
is to be found on a navigational chart
Radar
Radar Navigation
Radar
Radar Navigation
Radar
Radar Navigation
Racon (B)
Radar
Radar Navigation
MB = magnetic bearing
RB = relative bearing
MB = magnetic heading
Radar
Radar Navigation
Radar Navigation
Radar can help you safely navigate along shorelines, and help stay
a standard distance off during a shoreline search
Set the VRM at the minimum safe distance of approach
Radar
Radar Navigation
Radar
Radar Navigation with GPS
Radar navigation is complimented by the appropriate use of the
Geographic Positioning System (GPS)
Radar and a GPS can communicate using the NMEA 0183 protocol
This is best achieved through the side by side displays on a chart
plotter, where the radar picture can be easily compared with the
electronic chart
Radar
Radar Navigation with GPS
Radar
Radar Reflectivity
The strength of echoes are dependent on two features:
Errors
False echoes are possible with radar
Almost all are connected with reflected signals
Radar
Errors
Side Lobe effect
When a large vessel is close the
side lobes of the radar
transmission can cause some
interference as shown
Radar
Errors
Reflection from an overhead cable
The result from this is the echo gets returned off the cable.
As own vessel gets closer to the cable, the target appears to also
get closer, to be on a collision course with position of collision where
own vessel goes under the actual cable.
Radar
Weather & Radar
The effect of rain can be reduced by the use of rain clutter, FTC or
Rain controls
The effect of sea and swell waves can be reduced by use of sea
clutter or STC
Excessive use of these controls can mask echoes
Practice of the use of these controls is important to achieve the
appropriate level of masking for both STC and FTC
Radar
Weather & Radar