BS English-VIII

Group 3
Muqaddas Hira (-001)
(-006)
(-020)
(-028)
 What is Intelligence
Psychology and Its Schools
Cognitive Psychology
Artificial Intelligence
Conversation Analysis
Discourse Analysis
 Intelligence is the ability to comprehend; to
understand and profit from experience.
Intelligence is
Capacity to learn from experience
Ability to adapt to different contexts
The use of metacognition to enhance learning
(Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition,
Robert J. Stenberg)
 Psychology is one of the basic sciences of artificial
intelligence..
Psychology had two main leading schools: behaviorism,
and cognitivism.
Behaviorism: Insisted to study the resulted action or the
stimulus strictly objective.
Cognitive psychology: The brain is an information
processing device.
1) Stimulus has to be interpreted to representation
2) Representation is manipulated via cognitive processes, and
builds new inside representation
3) Process may end in an action.
 Cognitive Psychology is the study
of how people perceive, learn,
remember, and think about
information.
Cognitive Methods of mental
processes are:

Experiments
Psychobiological studies
Case studies
Computer Simulations
 The computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the
world.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science of
making computers do things that require intelligence when
done by humans.
Its beginning refers to a proposal made by Turing (1950) as a
way of dealing with the question whether machines can
think
 A.I is the study of ideas that enable computers to be
intelligent
 Artificial intelligence works with the help of:
Artificial Neurons (Artificial Neural Network)
Artificial neural networks are composed of interconnecting
artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the
properties of biological neurons).
 Scientific theorems(If-Then Statements, Logics)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
I Am Usman Khalil.
int marks=786; My Total Marks are 786.
float avg=89.75; My Average is 89.75
char grade='A'; My Grade is A.
clrscr();
printf("I Am Usman Khalil.\n");
printf("My Total Marks are %d\n",marks);
printf("My Average is %2.2f\n",avg);
printf("My Grade is %c",grade);
getch();
}
(If-Then Statements)
 The central principle of cognitive science is that a
complete understanding of the mind cannot be obtained
without analyzing the mind on multiple levels. In other
words, numerous techniques must be used to fully
evaluate and understand a process of the mind. Artificial
intelligence is a powerful approach that allows
researchers in cognitive science to study behavior
through computational modeling of the human mind.
Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence:
Simulating the Human Mind to Achieve Goals
 To model and study the human mind, artificial
intelligence:
involves the study of cognitive phenomena in machines
attempts to implement aspects of human intelligence in
computer programs
 A conversation is an exchange of thoughts and ideas
between two or more people.
A conversation is a spontaneous, everyday exchange
of talk between two or more people
 According to Seedhouse (2004), conversation analysis is
the investigation of how participants analyse and
interpret each others actions and develop a shared
understanding
 Conversation analysis... has been pioneered by a break-
away group of sociologists, often known as
ethnomethodologists
Conversation analysis has been increasingly used in
associated subjects such as sociology, anthropology,
psychology etc. (Smith, 2008) due to its ability to
examine social interactions.
 It studies the methods of conversation which people use
to organize a social talk.
It investigates rules and practices from an interactional
perspective and studies them by examining recordings of
real-life interactions.
 Language is an instrument of communication, of which
expression is discourse.
discourse is linguistic communication seen as
transaction between speaker and hearer, as an
interpersonal activity whose form is determined by its
social purpose.
Geoffery Leech
 The term discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling
Harris.
He named it to be a method for the analysis of the connected
speech or writing for continuing descriptive linguistics beyond
the limit of a single sentece at a time and for correlating
culture and language ( Harris 1952)
 Discourse analysis is the study of how stretches of
language used in communication assume meaning,
purpose and unity for their users.
Discourse analysis is an attempt to discover linguistic
regularities in discourse using grammatical, phonological
and semantic criteria e.g. cohesion, anaphora, inter
sentence connectivity etc. It is an effort to interpreter
what the writer or speaker intended to convey with in a
sensitive social context.
 Discourse Analysis discusses not only about language
itself but also how it relates with society, culture, and
thought. It is use to describe activities in several
disciplines, such as linguistics, sociolinguistics and
psycholinguistics.