Introduction

Mechanical Working of metal is plastic deformation performed to change the

dimensions, properties and surface condition with the help of mechanical
pressure.

Depending upon temperature it may be Hot Working or Cold Working.

Plastic deformation takes place due to deformation by slip and deformation by

twin formation

During plastic deformation, Metal is said to flow Grain shape is changed.

At high temperature , New grains start growing at the location of internal stress.

Recrystalization: Process of formation of new grains and corresponding

temperature is known as Recrystalization temperature ( Which differentiate the
hot working and cold working )

Hot Working ( Mechanical working of metals above the recrystalization

temperature and Below the melting point of metal)
 Introduction
Cold Working ( Mechanical working of metals below the recrystalization
temperature )
 Plastic Deformation
External force Stress in the material Results in deformation

Elastic Deformation : Stress is below the elastic limit

Body regains its original shape on removal of external force

Plastic Deformation : Stress is above the elastic limit

Material can be deformed permanently and shaped as per the requirement

Plastic Deformation can be done through (Forming Rolling Drawing, Forging)

Stress required during elastic deformation is lower than plastic deformation.

 Factors affecting plastic deformation
1. Nature of Stress applied :

Non Uniform tri-axial stresses are favorable for plastic deformation

In Extrusion , Rolling, Upsetting and Die forging This types of stresses

used.

2. Temperature:

Plasticity is higher in between Recrystalization temperature and Melting Point

temperature.

3. Strain Rate:

Deformation of material in unit time.

Stain rate is directly proportional to the speed of deformation

4. Strain Rate:

It increases overall deformation stress and tool wear

 Yield Criteria
Deformation takes place under complex state of stress.

It concerns about the limit of elasticity in a material under any possible

combination of stresses.

In plastic deformation, Yield criteria must have to consider the stress which are
responsible for plastic flow.
1. Trescas Maximum shear stress criteria

2. Von Mises Maximum distortion energy criteria.

 Work Hardening
It is the phenomenon by which metals become harder and stronger during
mechanical working (During Plastic deformation).

After initial work hardening , More and More stress required to further deform
material.