Module 1 INTRODUCTION

COMFORT
AIR QUALITY
LEVEL

24 DEG
CENTIGRADE
HVAC 6 TO 8 AIR CHANGES
IN AN HOUR

WARMER COLDER
FIRE PLACE

HISTORICAL USAGE

HEATING A DWELLING,
COOKING,
HEATING WATER FOR LAUNDRY
& DOMESTIC USES
COURTYARD

HISTORICAL USAGE

GATHERING SPACE
ACTIVE WORK LIFE
DINING
 Material Universal
Industrialization
Productive adaptivity

Lack of
Likeliness of
knowledge in Replication
users
planning

HVAC
 LIST OF TOPICS
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION - HVAC
2. PRINCIPLES OF HEAT TRANSFER
1. CONDUCTION
2. CONVECTION
3. RADIATION
3. FOURIER LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
1. CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL
4. NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING - HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE CYLINDER
CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION,
5. OVER ALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT-SIMPLE PROBLEMS
6. STEPHAN BOLTZMANNS LAW,
7. RADIATION SHIELD,
8. REFLECTIVITY ,
9. ABSORPTIVITY,
10. TRANSMISSIBILITY,
11. KIRCHHOFFS LAW,
12. EMISSIVE POWER,
13. EMISSIVITY,
14. WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW, -
15. INSULATION-PROPERTIES OF INSULATION-
HEAT TRANSFER

It Is the PHYSICAL ACT of THERMAL ENERGY being exchanged between TWO SYSTEMS by
DISSIPATING HEAT.

Basic principles - TEMPERATURE AND THE FLOW OF HEAT

The amount of thermal energy available is determined by the TEMPERATURE

The HEAT FLOW represents movement of thermal energy

On a microscopic scale, the kinetic

energy of molecules is the direct
relation to thermal energy.
CONDUCTION CONVECTION
As temperature rises, the
molecules increase in thermal
agitation manifested in linear
motion and vibration.

Regions that contain higher kinetic RADIATION

energy transfer the energy to
regions with lower kinetic energy.
CONDUCTION

Conduction transfers heat via direct molecular

collision. Conduction occurs via physical contact.

An area of greater kinetic energy will transfer thermal

energy to an area with lower kinetic energy.

Higher to Lower

Step 1 Higher-speed particles will collide with slower speed

particles.

Step 2 The slower-speed particles will increase in kinetic

energy as a result.

HEAT CONDUCTION
Temperature Gradient
Cross-section Of The Material
Length Of The Travel Path
Physical Material Properties
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT is the physical
quantity that describes the direction and
rate of heat travel.
Temperature flow will always occur from
hottest to coldest or, higher to lower
kinetic energy.
Once theres thermal equilibrium
between the two temperature
differences, the thermal transfer stops.

The greater the size and length of an object, the more energy thats required to heat it.
And the greater the surface area thats exposed, the more heat is lost.
Smaller objects with small cross-sections have minimal heat loss.

RATE OF CONDUCTION

Q = heat transferred per unit time; k = thermal conductivity of the barrier; A = heat-transfer
area; Thot = temperature of the hot region; Tcold = temperature of the cold region; and
d = thickness of the barrier.
CONVECTION When a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from
the source, it carries the thermal energy along.

The fluid above a hot surface expands, becomes less

dense, and rises.

At the molecular level, the molecules expand upon

Step 1 introduction of thermal energy.

As temperature of the given fluid mass increases, the

Step 2 volume of the fluid must increase by same factor.

Step 3 This effect on the fluid causes displacement.

As the immediate hot air rises, it pushes denser,

Step 4 colder air down.

Step 5 This series of events represents how convection

currents are formed.
RATE OF CONVECTION

Q = heat transferred per unit time; hc = convective heat transfer coefficient; A = heat-transfer area
of the surface; Ts = temperature of the surface; and Tf = temperature of the fluid.
Radiation
Thermal radiation generates
from the emission of
electromagnetic waves.
These waves carry the energy
away from the emitting object.
Radiation occurs through a
vacuum or any transparent
medium (either solid or fluid).
All materials radiate thermal energy
based on their temperature.
The hotter an object, the more it will
radiate.
The sun is a clear example of heat
radiation that transfers heat across the
solar system.
At normal room temperatures, objects
radiate as INFRARED WAVES.
The temperature of the object affects the
WAVELENGTH and FREQUENCY of the
radiated waves.
As temperature increases, the
wavelengths within the spectra of the
emitted radiation decrease and EMIT
SHORTER WAVELENGTHS WITH HIGHER-
FREQUENCY RADIATION
THERMAL RADIATION

P = net radiated power; A = radiating area; Tr = temperature of the radiator; Tc = temperature of

surroundings; e = emissivity; and = Stefans constant.
RATE TIME Emissivity for an ideal radiator has a value of 1.
GRADIENT - DISTANCE Common materials have lower emissivity
values. Anodized aluminum has an emissivity
EMISSIVITY value of 0.9 while coppers is 0.04.

Emissivity is defined as an objects effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation.

It is the ratio, at a given temperature, of the thermal radiation from a surface to the
radiation from an ideal black surface as determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
Stefans constant is determined by constants of nature.

k = Boltzmanns constant; h = Plancks constants; and c = speed of light in a vacuum.

 Thermodynamic Temperature
Electric Current Kelvin Time

Amount of Substance SI Units

Length

luminous intensity Mass

FOURIER LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

The law of heat conduction is also known as Fouriers law.

The Time Rate Of Heat Transfer Through A Material Is Proportional To The
Negative Gradient In The Temperature And To The Area.

Q is the heat flow rate by conduction (W)

k is the thermal conductivity of body material (Wm1K1)
A is the cross-sectional area normal to direction of heat flow (m2) and
dT/dx is the temperature gradient (Km1).

Negative sign in Fouriers equation indicates that the HEAT FLOW IS IN THE DIRECTION
of NEGATIVE GRADIENT TEMPERATURE and that serves to make HEAT FLOW POSITIVE.

Thermal conductivity k is one of the transport properties.

Thermal conductivity k provides an indication of the rate at which heat energy is transferred
through a medium by conduction process.
Assumptions of Fourier equation: ISOTROPIC - A substance having a physical
Steady state heat conduction. property which has the same value when
One directional heat flow. measured in different directions.
Bounding surfaces are ISOTHERMAL in
character that is constant and uniform
temperatures are maintained at the two
faces.
ISOTROPIC and homogeneous material
and thermal conductivity k is constant.
Constant TEMPERATURE GRADIENT and
linear temperature profile.
No INTERNAL HEAT generation.

Features of Fourier equation:

Fourier equation is valid for all matter
solid, liquid or gas.
The vector expression indicating that
heat flow rate is normal to an ISOTHERM
and is in the direction of decreasing
temperature.
It helps to define the transport property
k.
ISOTHERM - A line on a map connecting
points having the same temperature at a
given time or on average over a given
period.
Physics - a curve on a diagram joining
points representing states of equal
temperature.
Differential form of Fourier Law

The differential form of Fourier's law of thermal conduction shows that the
local HEAT FLUX DENSITY, is equal to the product of THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY and
the NEGATIVE LOCAL TEMPERATURE GRADIent.
The heat flux density is the amount of energy that flows through a unit area per
unit time.
The thermal conductivity, K, is often
treated as a constant, though this is not
always true.
While the thermal conductivity of a
material generally varies with temperature,
the variation can be small over a significant
TENSOR range of temperatures for some common
It provides a concise mathematical framework for
formulating and solving physics problems in areas such materials.
as STRESS, ELASTICITY, FLUID MECHANICS, AND GENERAL In ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS, the thermal
RELATIVITY.
In applications, it is common to study situations in which a conductivity typically varies with
different tensor can occur at each point of an object; for orientation;
example the stress within a object may vary from one
location to another. This leads to the concept of a tensor in this case K is represented by a second-
field. In some areas, tensor fields are so ubiquitous
(present, appearing, or found everywhere) that they are
order TENSOR. In non-uniform materials, K
simply called "tensors". varies with spatial location.
For many simple applications, Fourier's law is used in
its one-dimensional form. In the x-direction,

Integral form of Fourier Law

By integrating the differential form over the material's total surface S, we arrive at the
integral form of Fourier's law:

The above differential

equation, when integrated for
a homogeneous material of 1-D
geometry between two
endpoints at constant
temperature, gives the heat
flow rate as
Newtons Law of Cooling

Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of

heat loss of a body is directly proportional to
the difference in the temperatures between the
body and its surroundings provided the
temperature difference is small and the nature
of radiating surface remains same.