Electromagnetic Radiation

wavelength Visible light

Amplitude

wavelength Node
Ultraviolet radiation
Figure 7.1
Short wavelength -->
high frequency
high energy

Long wavelength -->

small frequency
low energy
 Which has the longest
wavelength?
1. Infrared 25% 25% 25% 25%

2. Ultraviolet
3. X-rays
4. Radio waves

1 2 3 4
Rank the following in order of increasing
frequency:

microwaves
radiowaves
X-rays
blue light
red light
UV light
IR light
 Waves have a frequency
Use the Greek letter nu, , for frequency, and
units are cycles per sec
All radiation: = c

c = velocity of light = 3.00 x 108 m/sec
Long wavelength --> small frequency
Short wavelength --> high frequency
What is the wavelength of WONY?

What is the wavelength of cell phone

radiation? Frequency = 850 MHz

What is the wavelength of a microwave

oven? Frequency = 2.45 GHz
 Quantization of Energy
Light acts as if it consists of
particles called PHOTONS, with
discrete energy.
Energy of radiation is proportional to
frequency

E = h
h = Plancks constant = 6.6262 x 10-34 Js
 E = h
Relationships:
 Short wavelength light has:
1. High frequency and 25% 25% 25% 25%
low energy
2. High frequency and
high energy
3. Low frequency and
low energy
4. Low frequency and
high energy
1 2 3 4
Rank the following in order of increasing
photon energy:

microwaves
radiowaves
X-rays
blue light
red light
UV light
IR light
 E = h
What is the energy of a WONY photon?
 Energy of Radiation
What is the frequency of UV light with a
wavelength of 230 nm?

What is the energy of 1 photon of UV light with

wavelength = 230 nm?
What is the energy of a photon of
525 nm light?
1. 3.79 x 10-19 J 25% 25% 25% 25%

2. 4.83 x 10-22 J
3. 3.67 x 1020 J
4. 8.43 x 1023 J

1 2 3 4
What is the energy of a mole of 230 nm photons?

Can this light break C-C bonds with an energy

of 346 kJ/mol?
Does 1200 nm light have enough energy to
break C-C bonds?
 Where does light come from?
Excited solids emit a continuous spectrum
of light
Excited gas-phase atoms emit only specific
wavelengths of light (lines)
Light emitted by solids
Light emitted by hydrogen gas
 The Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Atom
Light absorbed or emitted is from electrons
moving between energy levels
Only certain energies are observed
Therefore, only certain energy levels exist
This is the Quanitization of energy levels
 Emission spectra of gaseous
atoms
Excited atoms emit light of only certain
wavelengths
The wavelengths of emitted light depend
on the element.
Line spectra of atoms
 Energy
Adsorption/Emission
 For H, the energy levels correspond to:

Constant Constant = 2.18 x 10-18 J

En = - 2
n
Energy level diagram:
 Each line corresponds to a
transition:
Example: n=3 n = 2
Explanation of line spectra

Balmer series
 Matter Waves
All matter acts as particles and as waves.
Macroscopic objects have tiny waves- not
observed.
For electrons in atoms, wave properties are
important.

deBroglie Equation:
 Matter waves
Macroscopic object: 200 g rock travelling at 20 m/s has a wavelength:

Electron inside an atom, moving at 40% of the speed of light:

Can see matter waves in
experiments
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Cant know both the exact location and

energy of a particle
So, for electrons, we DO know the energy
well, so we dont know the location well
 Schrodingers Model of H

Electrons act as standing waves

Certain wave functions are allowed
Wave behavior is described by wave
functions:
2 describes the probability of finding the
electron in a certain spot
Also described as electron density
 Example Wavefunction
Equation slightly simplified:

=x e
2 2 -r/a o
 =x e
Where is this function 2 2 -r/a o
zero or near zero?

1. When x = 0 33% 33% 33%

2. When r = 0
3. When r is large

1 2 3
 Its all about orbitals
Each wavefunction describes a shape the electron
can take, called an ORBITAL
Allowed orbitals are organized by shells and
subshells
Shells define size and energy (n = 1, 2, 3, )
Subshells define shape (s, p, d, f, )
Number of orbitals is different for each subshell:
s = 1 orbital
p = 3 orbitals
d = 5 orbitals
f = 7 orbitals
 NODES

Spherical Nodes
Quantum Numbers and Numbers of Orbitals