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Ws w (1 n)( S s 1)
w = Unit weight of water
S s = Specific gravity of soil particles
n = porosity of soil material
KHOSLAS METHOD OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
To study the seepage below the foundation of a hydraulic structure
A simple, quick and an accurate approach for design of weir and barrage on
pervious foundations.
The complex profile of a weir is broken into simple profiles and mathematical
solutions of flow nets for these simple standard profiles are studied.
KHOSLAS METHOD OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Khoslas theory is used to find uplift pressure at the key points in a barrage or a weir. In this
method a composite barrage or weir section is split up into a number of simple standard forms
of known analytical solution
Case 1: Pile at D/s End
The uplift pressure heads at key points E, D and C are
1 2
E cos 1
1 1
D cos 1
1 1 2
b
2 d
Case 2: Pile at Upstream End
C1 100 E
D1 100 D
Case 3: Intermediate Pile
1 1
E cos 1 1
1
D cos 1 1
1 1 1
C cos 1
1 12 1 22 1 12 1 22
1
2 2
b b2
1 1 2
d d
Case 4: Depressed Floor
E D 2
/2 3
D
3
D/ 1 100 D/
CORRECTIONS
In actual weir structure the floor has some thickness (the uplift pressures are
calculated with negligible thickness) and it may not be horizontal and also there
may be more than one line of piles, so the following corrections have to be
applied to the superposed values of the uplift pressures
If we are considering the influence of the pile no (2) on pile no (1) for correcting the pressure at C1. Since the point C1 is
in the rear, this correction shall be positive. While the correction to be applied to E2 due to pile no (1) shall be negative,
since the point E2 is in the forward direction of flow. Similarly, the correction at C2 due to pile no (3) is positive and the
correction at E2 due to pile no (2) is negative.
CORRECTION FOR THE SLOPE OF THE FLOOR
CORRECTION FOR THE SLOPE OF THE FLOOR
Correction for slope is to be applied only to point E of
pile no. 2.
Correction of slope
bs
correction factor for a given slope
b
Correction is additive for a downward sloping floor and
subtractive for an upward sloping floor in the direction of
floor
From the estimation of uplift pressure at key points, the uplift pressure distribution along the floor may be
obtained by assuming a linear variation of pressure between key points. Floor thickness may then be
calculated.
EXIT GRADIENT
For a standard form consisting of a floor length (b) with a vertical cutoff of
depth (d), the exit gradient at its downstream end is given by
GE
H 1 1 1 2
b
d
d
2
H = Maximum Seepage Head
KHOSLAS PRESSURE CHART
Determine the percentage pressures at various key points in figure below. Also determine the exit
gradient and plot the hydraulic gradient line for pond level on upstream and no flow on downstream
C1 100 E
D1 100 D
(b) Correction at C1 due to thickness of floor:
Pressure calculated from curve is at C1, but we want the pressure at C1. Pressure at
C1 shall be more than at C1 as the direction of flow is from C1 to C1 and hence, the
correction will be + ve and
For Intermediate Pile Line No. 2
d = 154 148 = 6 m
b = 57 m
C1 100 E
= b/d = 57/6 = 9.5
D1 100 D
b1 = 0.6 + 15.8 = 16.4
b = 57 m
b1/b = 16.4/57 = 0.298 (for C2)
1 b1/b = 1 0.298 = 0.702
E2 = 100 30 = 70 % (Where 30 % is C for a base ratio of 0.702 and = 9.5)
C2 = 56 % (For a base ratio 0.298 and = 9.5)
D2 = 100 37 = 63 % (Where 37 % is D for a base ratio of 0.702 and = 9.5)
Corrections for E2 :
(a) Correction at E2 for sheet pile lines.
Pile No. (1) will affect the pressure at E2 and since E2 is in the forward direction of flow, this
correction shall be ve.
(b) Correction at E2 due to floor thickness
(c) Correction due to slope at E3 is nil, as the point E3 is neither situated at the start nor at the
end of any slope
Hence, the exit gradient shall be equal to 0.105, i.e. 1 in 9.53, which is very much safe.
Determine the uplift pressure at the key points and the exit gradient and find whether
the section provided is safe against piping if it is founded on fine sand with permissible
exit gradient of 1/6. Also find uplift pressure at point X and check whether it is safe
against uplift.
Design of Sheet piles on U/S and D/S of Impervious Floor
Sheet pile must be taken up to the level of possible deepest scour below the bed of the river.
Lacey depth of scour in alluvial soils is given by
1/ 3
q 2
R 1.35
f
R = Scour depth measured below HFL
q = Discharge per unit length
f = Laceys silt factor