SYNERGY BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND

CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY

FIRDHA CAHYA ALAM

OUTLINE

Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusions
INTRODUCTION

Climate change is one of the topic being discussed in everywhere

around the world, many of the observed changes are unprecedented
over decades to millennia
Air pollution is globally the second leading risk factor for the global
burden of diseases, and the premature deaths due to air pollution
are estimated globally as 3.4 million
But the policy framework of the climate change and air pollution
sometimes being separated
(Myhre et al., 2013
COMPOUND AND THEIR EFFECTS

Maionea, M., et al. 2016. Air quality and climate change: Designing new win-win policies for Europe. DiSPeA, Universit
degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.011 1462-9011/ 2016 Elsevier
Ltd.
GOALS

To know what is the existing condition of some country around the

world about the synergy of the policy
To measure what the feasibility and benefit of synergy of regulation
METHODS

Desk review
Literature study
RESULTS

Potential of Synergy between two policies

Modelling tools
Case Study: Existing condition in some countries (Europe &
Indonesia)
POTENTIAL

Implementation of synergy of the policy will be beneficial because

they have high relevancies between climate change and air
pollution

Radu, O. B., et al. 2016. Exploring synergies between climate and air quality
policies using long-term global and regional emission scenarios. PBL
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Elsevier Ltd
 MODELLING THE POTENTIAL: SCENARIO
Software: IMAGE 2.4 Integrated Assessment Model Framework
1. No improvement of policies after 2005, resulting in frozen emission
factors for all energy system emission factors (FRZ).
2. Implementation of current policies, of which the full effects are
realized by 2030; thereafter no change in legislation and therefore in
emission factors (CLE).
3. Further tightening of current legislation (CLE) after 2030; the level
and pace of introducing additional policies is based on economic
development in a given region e using Kuznets theory, resulting in
further decreasing emission factors (CLE KZN).
4. Implementation of current best available technology by 2030,
maximum technically feasible reductions; no change thereafter (MFR).
 NOX

Radu, O. B., et al. 2016. Exploring synergies between climate and air quality
IMAGE 2.4 Integrated Assessment Model Framework policies using long-term global and regional emission scenarios. PBL
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Elsevier Ltd
 SO2

Radu, O. B., et al. 2016. Exploring synergies between climate and air quality
IMAGE 2.4 Integrated Assessment Model Framework policies using long-term global and regional emission scenarios. PBL
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
 NON-METHANE VOC

IMAGE 2.4 Integrated Assessment Model Framework Radu, O. B., et al. 2016. Exploring synergies between climate and air quality
policies using long-term global and regional emission scenarios. PBL
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
RESULTS OF MODELLING

Climate policy can have important co-benefits; a 10% decrease in

global CO2 emissions by 2100 leads to a decrease of SO2 and NOX
emissions by about 10% and 5%, respectively compared to 2005
levels.
More stringent control policies are needed after 2030 to prevent a
rise in emissions due to increased activities
CASE STUDY: EUROPE EXISTING CONDITION
Has two different directorate to control climate change and air
pollution
Directorate General Environment
Directorate Climate Action
Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
on National Emission Ceilings (NECD)
International Regulation related to Kyoto Protocol
Revise the National Emissions Ceilings Directive (NECD) which went
beyond the revised UNECE CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol in some
important areas concerning the co-benefits for air quality and
climate change. Maionea, M., et al. 2016. Air quality and climate change: Designing new win-win policies for Europe. DiSPeA, Universit
degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.011 1462-9011/ 2016 Elsevier
CASE STUDY: INDONESIA EXISTING CONDITION

Has also different regulation and organization

President Regulation No 46/2008 about National Council of Climate
Change
President Regulation No 61/2011 about National Action Plan of
Greenhouse Gases Reduction
President Regulation No 71/2011 about Implementation of National
Greenhouse Gases Inventory
Government Regulation No 41/1999 about Air Pollution Control
CONCLUSIONS

It is showed that synergy between air pollution and climate change

policy has positive impact
But it will be depend on each country and their determination to
solve the problem
If they want to achieve the goal of combining policy, first step is by
merging the organization
THANK YOU