Chapter 2

Chapter 2

Developing Models for

Optimization

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Everything should be made as simple
Chapter 2

as possible, but no simpler

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 TERMINOLOGY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS
There are many additional ways to classify mathematical
models besides those used in Chapter 2. For our
purposes it is most satisfactory to first consider grouping
the models into opposite pairs:
Chapter 2

deterministic vs. probabilistic

linear vs. nonlinear
steady state vs. nonsteady state
lumped parameter vs. distributed parameter
black box vs. fundamental (physical)

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 Common Sense in Modeling
What simplifications can be made?
How are they justified?

Types of Simplifications
Chapter 2

(1)Omitting Interactions
(2)Aggregating Variables
(3)Eliminating Variables
(4)Replace Random Variables with Expected Values
(5)Reduce Detail of Mathematical Description

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Precautions in Model Building

(1) Limits on availability of data and accuracy of data

Examples: Kinetic coefficients
Mass transfer coefficients
Chapter 2

(2) Unknown factors present or not present in scale up

Examples: Impurities in plant streams
Wall effects

(3) Poor measures of deviation between ideal and actual

models
Examples: Stage efficiency

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 (4) Models used for one purpose used improperly for
another purpose
Example: Invalidity of kinetic models

(5) Extrapolation using the model outside of the regions

Where it has been validated
Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 2. Empirical Models
y a0 a1 x1 a2 x2 ...
y a0 a11 x12 a12 x1 x2 a21 x2 x1 a22 x22
1
G s
a0 a1s a2 s 2
Chapter 2

Re a(Pr)b ( Sc)c

3. Probabilistic concepts applied to small

physical subdivisions of the process

Not often used

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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 Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

FIGURE E2.3a FIGURE E2.3b

Variation of overall heat transfer Variation of overall heat transfer
coefficient with shell-side flow rate coefficient with tube-side flow rate
ws = 80,000. Wt for ws = 4000.

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 Semi-empirical Model Fitting
Heat exchanger data, p. 54
1 1 1 1
= + + (a)
u hs ht hf
Chapter 2

curve D in Eqn (3), Figure 2.6

x
= + x (b)
y
1
= + (c)
y x
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
U hsf ht hsf k t w t 0.8

hsf k t w t 0.8
U=
k t w t 0.8 +hsf 26
 Quadratic Curve Fitting
y = 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 (x1=1, x2 = x1 x3 = x2 )
Least squares analysis leads to 3 linear equations
in 3 unknowns (n data points)
n xi x i2

x x xi xi2 x i3
T
Chapter 2

xi2 x i3 xi 4

yi

x y= x i y i
T

x 2y
i i
What about
y 1e x 2 e x ?
y 1 2 sin x ?

(coefficients must appear linearly) 27

 Chapter 2

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 Factorial Design and Least Squares Fitting
3 variables: x 2, x3 , x 4 (x1 = 1)
t 220 o
x2 = ( C)
20
p-3
x3 = (atm)
Chapter 2

2
m-200
x4 = (kg/h)
50
for data matrix on p. 65 (see Fig. E2.6)
11 0 0 0
0 8 0 0
diagonal!
x x
T
easy to invert,
0 0 8 0
well-conditioned
0 0 0 8

y = 58.810 + 12.124 x 2 + 11.402 x 3 + 0.689 x 4 29