CRYSTALLIZATION

Student No:________
A hot solution of Ba(NO3)2 from an evaporator contains 30.6 kg Ba(NO3)2
per 100 kg water and goes to a crystallizer, where the solution is cooled
and Ba(NO3)2 crystallizes. On cooling, 10% of the original water
evaporates. For a feed solution of 100 kg total, calculate the following:
a) The yield of crystals if the solution is cooled to 290K, where the
solubility is 8.6 kg Ba(NO3)2 per 100 kg water
b) The yield of crystals if the solution is cooled, where the solubility is 7.0
kg Ba(NO3)2 per 100 kg water
A batch of 1000 kg of KCl dissolved in sufficient water to make a saturated
solution of 363K, where the solubility is 35 wt% KCl in water. The solution
is cooled to 293K, at which temperature its solubility is 25.4 wt%.
a) The weight of crystals obtained is
b) What is the weight of crystals obtained if 5% of the original water
evaporates on cooling?
At 293K, a supersaturated solution of sucrose contains 2.45 kg sucrose/ kg
water. If the equilibrium saturation value is 2.04 kg/kg water, what is
a) The supersaturation ratio in terms of kg/kg water
b) The supersaturation ratio in terms of kg/kg solution
A saturated solution containing 1500kg of potassium chloride at 360K is
cooled in an open tank to 290K. if the density of the solution is 1200
kg/m3, the solubility of potassium chloride per 100 parts of water by mass
is 53.55 at 360K and 34.5 at 290K calculate:
a) The capacity of the tank required is
b) The mass of crystals obtained, neglecting any loss of water by
evaporation is
A feed solution of 10000 lbm at 130F containing 47 lb FeSO4 per 100 lb A solution of NH4Cl is saturated at 70C. Calculate the temperature to
total water is cooled at 80F, where FeSO47H2O crystals are removed. which this solution must be cooled in order to crystallize out of 45% of the
The solubility of the salt at 80F is 30.5 lb FeSO4 per 100 lb water. The NH4Cl. The solubility of NH4Cl in water are:
average heat capacity of the feed solution is 0.70 BTU/lbm-F. The heat of Temperature, C 70 10 0
solution is -4.4 kcal/gmol FeSO47H2O. Assume that no water is vaporized. Solubility, g/100g water 60.2 33.3 29.4
a) Calculate the yield of crystals
b) Make a heat balance, The QT is
The feed to a cooling crystallizer is 1000 lb/hr at 120F. The solution is The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6g/100g of water at
cooled to 70F. It has a 3 ft2 of cooling surface per foot of running length 20C and 16.4g/100g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of NaHCO3 at
of crystallizer. The required rate of heat transfer is 44,900 BTU/hr. cooling 60C is cooled to 20C, what percentage of the dissolved salt crystallizes
will be provided by a countercurrent flow of chilled water entering the out?
cooling jacket at 60F, leaving at 85F. The overall heat transfer
coefficient, U, is expected to be 20 BTU/hr-ft2-F. the length of the
crystallizer is
A simple vacuum crystallizer is to produce 10,000 lb copper crystals,
FeSO47H2O, per hour. The feed is a solution containing 38.9 parts FeSO4
per 100 parts total water, and it enters the crystallizer at 158F. The
crystallizer vacuum is as such as to produce a crystallizer temperature of
80F. Saturated solution at 80F contains 30.2 parts FeSO4 per 100 parts
total water. The enthalpies of saturated solution, the crystals leaving the
crystallizer, the feed and vapor are: hL=-2.4, hC=-91, hF=46.8, and hV=
1096, all in BTU/lb. The amount of feed required is
Ammonium sulfate is to be crystallized from a solution containing 48%
(NH4)2SO4 by cooling it in a counter-flow crystallizer from 85C to 35C.
During cooling the amount of water that evaporates is 5% of the mass of
the feed solution. Cooling water enters at 18C and leaves at 29C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient is 125 W/m2-K. Calculate the cooling
surface required, if the feed rate is 1000kg/hr. Solubility at 35C is 75 kg
(NH4)2SO4 per 100 kg water, specific heat of 48% solution is 2.97 kJ/kg-K,
heat of crystallization of (NH4)2SO4 is 75.2 kJ/kg, and the latent heat of
vaporization of water is 2414 kJ/kg.
What is the theoretical yield of crystals which may be obtained by cooling
a solution containing 1000 kg of sodium sulphate (molecular mass = 142
kg/kmol) in 5000 kg water to 283 K? The solubility of sodium sulphate at
283 K is 9 kg anhydrous salt/100 kg water and the deposited crystals will
consist of the deca-hydrate (molecular mass = 322 kg/kmol). It may be
assumed that 2% of the water will be lost by evaporation during cooling.
A solution containing 23% by mass of sodium phosphate is cooled from
313 to 298 K in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer to form crystals of
Na3PO412H2O. The solubility of Na3PO4 at 298 K is 15.5 kg/100 kg water,
and the required product rate of crystals is 0.063 kg/s. The mean heat
capacity of the solution is 3.2 kJ/kg deg K and the heat of crystallization is
146.5 kJ/kg. If cooling water enters and leaves at 288 and 293 K,
respectively, and the overall coefficient of heat transfer is 140 W/m2 deg
K, what length of crystallizer is required, assuming that the area available
is, typically, 1m2/m length?
What is the yield of sodium acetate crystals (CH3COONa.3H2O) obtainable
from a vacuum crystalliser operating at 1.33 kN/m2 when it is supplied
with 0.56 kg/s of a 40 per cent aqueous solution of the salt at 353 K? The
boiling point elevation of the solution is 11.5 deg K.
Data:
Heat of crystallisation, q = 144 kJ/kg trihydrate
Heat capacity of the solution, Cp = 3.5 kJ/kg deg K
Latent heat of water at 1.33 kN/m2, = 2.46 MJ/kg
Boiling point of water at 1.33 kN/m2 = 290.7 K
Solubility of sodium acetate at 290.7 K, c2 = 0.539 kg/kg water.
The heat required when 1 kmol of MgSO47H2O is dissolved isothermally
at 291 K in a large mass of water is 13.3 MJ. What is the heat of
crystallization per unit mass of the salt?
A batch of 1500 kg of saturated potassium chloride solution is cooled from
360 K to 290 K in an unagitated tank. If the solubilities of KCl are 53 and 34
kg/100 kg water at 360 K and 290 K respectively and water losses due to
evaporation may be neglected, what is the yield of crystals?
Lactose syrup is concentrated to 8 g lactose per 10 g of water and then run
into a crystallizing vat which contains 2500 kg of the syrup. In this vat,
containing 2500 kg of syrup, it is cooled from 57C to 10C. Lactose
crystallizes with one molecule of water of crystallization. The specific heat
of the lactose solution is 3470 J kg-1 C-1. The heat of solution for lactose
monohydrate is -15,500 kJ-mol-1. The molecular weight of lactose
monohydrate is 360 and the solubility of lactose at 10C is 1.5 g / 10 g
water. Assume that 1% of the water evaporates and that the heat loss
through the vat walls is 4 x 104 kJ. Calculate the heat to be removed in the
cooling process.
If sodium chloride solution, at a temperature of 40C, has a concentration
of 50% when the solubility of sodium chloride at this temperature is 36.6 g
/ 100 g water, calculate the quantity of sodium chloride crystals that will
form once crystallization has been started.
Rasorite containing 85% Na2B4O74H2O is dissolved, filtered, and run to
the crystallizer as a 25% solution of borax, Na2B4O710H2O at 150F. After
cooling to 100F. The crystals are centrifuged and go to the drier
containing 5% moisture. The mother liquor contains 8% borax. What yield
of the crystals is obtained per ton of rasorite processed?
A solution of potassium dichromate in water is 13% by weight. From 1000 A tank holds 10,000 kg of a saturated Na2CO3 at 30C. you want to
lb of this solution, 640 lb of water are evaporated. The remaining solution crystallize from this solution 3000 kg of Na2CO310H2O without
is cooled to 20C. Calculate the percentage yield of crystals produced. accompanying water. To what temperature must the solution be cooled?
Solubility at 20C is 0.390 lbmole per 1000 lb of water. Temperature, C 10 20 30
Solubility, g/100g water 12.5 21.5 38.8
1000 kg of FeCl36H2O are added to a mixture crystals of FeCl3H2O to
produce a mixture of FeCl32.5H2O crystals. How much FeCl3H2O must be
added to produce the most FeCl32.5H2O?