Digestive System

Unit 11
 Role of Digestive System
A. Prepare food for ______________ and utilization by all the body
cells
B. Excess food material (not absorbed) becomes _______to be
eliminated
C. Ingestion vs. Digestion
1. Ingestion process of taking food ______ the GI tract
2. Digestion - food undergoes a chemical process called
__________________________
a. food and fluid is broken down into their
smallest parts so the body can use them to
build and nourish cells, along with providing energy
b. absorption movement of nutrients into internal
environment
A. Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract [aka alimentary canal] (listed in order of food pathway)

1. mouth
2. oropharynx
3. pharynx
4. esophagus
5. stomach
6. small intestine
a. duodenum
b. jejunum
c. ileum
7. large intestine
a. cecum
b. colon
1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon
3. descending colon
4. sigmoid colon
8. rectum
9. anus

B. Accessory Organs
1. salivary glands
2. tongue
3. teeth
4. liver
5. gallbladder
6. pancreas
7. vermiform appendix
Layers of the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
1. (deepest) mucosasubmucosamuscularisserosa (most superficial)
2. Tissue layers have variation in different organs
 Mouth and Pharynx
__________________ Cavity
Lips external is skin; internal is mucous membranes
Cheeks lined by mucous membranes; contain
mucous secreting glands
Hard and Soft Palates
Hard palate _______ bones
Soft palate _______________; forms partition
between mouth and nasopharynx; uvula extend
from soft palate
Tongue muscle covered by mucous membrane
mastication (_____________) and deglutition
(____________________)
papillae surface of tongue; some contain taste
buds
lingual frenulum mucous membrane fold that
anchors tong to bottom of mouth
 Mouth and Pharynx
Salivary Glands
Secrete about __L of saliva/day
Salivary amylase ________ in saliva that converts starch to sugar
___ pairs of glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
 Mouth and Pharynx
Teeth
Anatomy
crown - covered in enamel
neck connects crown to root
root fits into socket in the gum
Types
________________ teeth (20 baby
teeth)
Incisors
Canines
first molars
second molars
Permanent Teeth (32 adult teeth)
incisors
canine
premolars
1st & 2nd Molars
third molars wisdom teeth

Pharynx tube through which bolus

(chewed ball of food) passes when moved
from mouth to esophagus (deglutition)
Esophagus and Stomach
Esophagus
Extends from ________ to stomach
Resides in both abdominal and
thoracic cavities
Peristalsis __________
 Esophagus and Stomach
Stomach
Functions
reservoir for food until it is partially digested and
moved along GI tract
secretes ________ juice
breaks food into small particles and mixes them with
gastric juice
limited absorption
helps protect body from bacteria swallowed with food
produces ____________ hormone that causes the
stomach to produce acid
 Esophagus and Stomach
Stomach
Sphincter Muscles
lower esophageal sphinter (LES)/cardiac sphincter -
controls opening of esophagus into ____________
pyloric sphincter - controls opening of stomach into
___________ intestine (duodenum)
gastric reflux sphincter working improperly causing
heartburn
Stomach wall
Gastric mucosa
____________ folds in lining of the stomach
gastric glands below rugae; secrete most of gastric
juice
chief cells secrete the enzymes of gastric juice
parietal cells secrete___________l
Zantac reduces HCl formation in stomach
endocrine cells secrete ____________
Gastric muscularis thick layer of muscle that allows
stomach to contract
Gastroesophageal Gastric Ulcer
Reflux
 Helicobacter pylori bacteria that causes ____________ ulcers
Stomach lining replaces itself every _____ days
_____________ liquefied food; form that food leaves the stomach
Gastroenteritis stomach inflammation
____________ vomiting
_____ million digestive glands in the stomach
Small Intestine
Proximal to stomach
duodenumjejunumileum
Microvilli (villus) allow for
_________________
(increase surface area by
hundreds)
Where majority of substances
are absorbed
______ feet long
Food can stay here for up to
____ hours
Large Intestine
 Large Intestine
Proximal to small intestine
cecum ascending colontraverse colondescending colonsigmoid colon rectum
_____________ pouchlike structures
Constipation movement of lower colon and rectum
contents at a rate slower than normal
__________________ outpouchings of intestinal wall
Colitis inflammation of large intestine
____ feet long
Waste stays _____ hours
Main function is ________ absorption in order to
eliminate feces
 Appendix and Peritoneum
Vermiform Appendix
function not fully known; but thought to provide safe
place for good ___________
appendicitis
inflammation of appendix
not common in elderly
appendectomy surgical removal of appendix
Peritoneum
large, continuous sheet of serous membrane
parietal and visceral portions
______________ : extension of parietal peritoneum
that anchors GI tract to abdominal wall.
 Liver
Anatomical units lobes and lobules
left lobe
right lobe biggest section of liver
hepatic lobules branch of hepatic vein extends through each _______ (main anat unit)
Blood flows to hepatic lobules via branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
____________ _______ ________ merger of the hepatic duct and cystic duct
_________________ bile
Bile salts aid in the absorption of ___________; most essential part of bile
No enzymes
Functions of liver
_________________
Bile ____________________
secrete 1 pint/day
Metabolizes proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates
Misc. Info
Hepatic refers to liver
Largest _______ in the body
Hepatitis inflammation of the liver
___________ degenerative liver
condition
Removes harmful substances from
the blood
Stores vitamins and sugars until your
body needs them
 Gallbladder
____________ bile (holds 30-50 ml bile)
Cholecystokinin (CCK) hormone that stimulates gallbladder to release
________ into duodenum (small intestine)
Secretin stimulates release of bile
Cholelithiasis - gallstones
Cholecystectomy surgical removal of gallbladder
Below liver
Pear shaped
Cholelithiasis - Gallbladder with
yellow cholesterol gallstones
Cholecystectomy
Gallbladder before removal
 Pancreas
Both endocrine and exocrine gland
Pancreatic juice secreted by exocrine acinar cells
Pancreatic cancer form of adenocarcinoma
Breaks down sugar
Beta cells secrete _____________
 Types of Digestion
Mechanical
Chemical
Digestive Physiology

Mechanical Digestion
--Mastication
--Deglutition
--Peristalsis
Oral stage mouth to oropharynx
- ___________________ control
- bolus formed
- soft palate acts as valve to prevent
food from enetering
nasopharynx
Pharyngeal stage oropharynx to
esophagus
- _______________________ control
- epiglottis prevents bolus from
entering larynx to trachea
Esophageal stage esophagus to
stomach
- ______________________ control
 Peristalsis
_____________ ripple of smooth muscle
ring of contraction occurs where GI wall is
stretched, pushing bolus forward
stimulated by ______ secreted by endocrine
cells in presence of chyme

Segmentation
_______________ movement
forward and backward movement that
mechanically breaks down food and mixes it with
digestive juices
 Organ Mechanical
Process
Mouth (teeth and tongue) Mastication
Deglutition
Pharynx Deglutition
Esophagus Deglutition
Peristalsis
Stomach Churning
Peristalsis
Small Intestine Segmentation
Peristalsis
Ascending and Segmentation
Transverse Colon Peristalsis
Descending Colon Mass peristalsis
Rectum Defecation
 Chemical Digestion

Digestive ________________
a. extracellular, organic (protein) catalysts
b. enzyme action
1. specificity
2. optimal pH
Stomach Jejunum Ileum Colon
pH 3.0 6.0-7.0 7.5 6.8-7.3

3. catalyst
4. continually destroyed or eliminated,
so constantly being made
 Digestive Enzyme Action
proenzyme altered by kinase to form active enzyme
1. kinase removes prosthetic group to expose active
site
2. substrate (food) binds to active site of active
enzyme
3. enzyme splits substrate into components and
releases them
4. enzyme can now digest new substance
 Carbohydrate digestion
(bread, potato, rice, pasta, fruit, vegetables)

Starch and sugar are broken down by saliva,

pancreatic and small intestinal juices
salivary amylase, small intestine
pancreatic juices enzymes

* starch maltose glucose (monosac)

absorbed into blood liver (stored or used)

small intestine enzymes

* sugar (sucrose) glucose + fructose

absorbed into blood

* fiber undigestible

_________________ cannot be broken down;

eliminated in feces
 Lipid Digestion

_______________________ bile
breaks down fat into small droplets
within the small intestine

Steatorrhea - impaired fat absorption

producing large, greasy, foul-smelling
stool

Fat-soluble vitamins ___________

(stored in liver and fatty tissue)
micelle
Pancreatic ____________ main
fat-digesting enzyme
 Disorders
Mumps
Tooth Decay
Malocclusion
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Ulcers
Pyloric stenosis
Appendicitis
Hemorrhoids
Proctitis
Diabetes
Gastroenteritis
Anorexia
Nausea
Emesis
Diarrhea
Constipation
Malabsorption
Diverticulitis
Colitis
Irritable Bowl Syndrome
Colorectal Cancer
Hepatitis
Cirrohsis
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer