Classification of Protective Relays

Based on Technology

Based on Function
 Over current Relay

Definite time over current relay

Instantaneous over current relay
Inverse time over current relay
Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) over
current relay
Very inverse time over current relay
Extremely inverse time over current relay
 Overcurrent Protection Definite
(Independent) Time Relays
TIME

TOP

IS Applied Current
(Relay Current Setting)
Overcurrent Protection IDMT
TIME

IS Applied Current
(Relay Current Setting)

Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

Inverse Time current characteristics
 Realization of Time current
characteristics using EM relays
By suitable design of magnetic circuit
Saturation above a certain value of actuating
current
Below saturation inverse characteristic
Above saturation straight line characteristic
Saturation at pick up value Definite time
characteristic
Saturation at later stage IDMT characteristic
Saturation at still later very inverse
Saturation at a very late stage extremely inverse
 Relay Current Setting
Over current relay Provided with tappings

Phase to phase fault protection 50%-200% -steps of 25%

If rating of the relay is 5 A

then 2.5A, 3.75A, 5A, 6.25A,, 10A

Earth fault protection - 20%-80% - steps of 10%

Normal current rating of earth fault relay 1 A

Time-current characteristic -current in ampere on X-axis

Different curves for the same relay for different settings

Time Current characteristics for 5 A
current setting
Time Current characteristics for 5 A
current setting
12

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Time Current characteristics for 10 A
current setting
12

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
 Time Current characteristics for two
different settings of relay (5 A & 10 A)
12

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
 Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)

12

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
 Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)

Ex 1: 5 A relay set at 200 %

Relay current setting = 200% of 5 A = 10 A
Secondary current = 10 A ( current through relay)
PSM = 10/10 = 1
Ex 2: If relay set at 50 % ; Relay current setting = 50% of 5 A = 2.5 A
Secondary current = 10 A ( current through relay)
PSM = 10/2.5 = 4
Ex 3: If fault current is 6000 A and CT ratio = 400/5
Then secondary current = 6000/80 = 75 A;
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) for 5 A setting
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) for 5 A & 10 A
 Time Multiplier Setting(TMS)
Different operating times possible for the same relay
By adjusting the angular distance by which the moving part
of the relay travels for closing the relay contacts
Can be set up to 10 steps from 0.1,0.2,..,0.9,1

Ex 4: For, TMS =1, if operating time = 4 s

then with TMS = 0.5 it will be 4x0.5= 2 s
with TMS = 0.2 it will be 4x0.2= 0.8 s
Note :All these op. times are for the same value of current
Time Current characteristics for
different time settings of relay
 Classification of Protective Schemes

To protect an equipment or section of the line

One or more relays of same or different types
 Classification of Protective Schemes

To protect an equipment or section of the line

One or more relays of same or different types
 Over Current Protective Schemes

Widely used for protection of distribution lines

Radial feeder sectionalized 2 or 3 relays used
Relays must be selective with each other
 Over current Protective Schemes
For proper selectivity
Time Graded System
Current Graded System
A combination of time and Current Grading
 Time Graded system
Definite time overcurrent relays
Preset time independent of fault current
Definite time relays are cheaper than IDMT Relays
Starts a timing unit to trip the circuit breaker
Operating time is in increasing order
Difference in time settings of adjacent relays
To cover operating time of circuit Breaker
To cover errors in relay
usually 0.5 sec
More accurate relays and fast CB can reduce the difference in the time
 Time graded overcurrent protection

Faults near the power source

Involves a large current
Most destructive
Should be cleared quickly
Time graded system takes longest time
Suitable when impedance between substations is low
 Current graded system

Pick-up current in increasing order

High speed instantaneous over current relays
Operating time same for all relays
Combination of Current and Time
Grading
PROTECTION OF PARALLEL FEEDERS

For reliability of power supply to all consumers even during faults in one path
ring main feeder is used .
In this feeder an alternative path is established to load end and power is
supplied without any interruption .
PROTECTION OF RING MAINS